:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:以健身運動與自尊模式為基礎探討功能性體適能運動計劃對安養護機構老年人自尊的影響
作者:周嘉琪
作者(外文):Chia-Chi Chou
校院名稱:國立體育大學
系所名稱:體育研究所
指導教授:王俊明
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:身體自尊整體自尊知覺身體重要性調節作用physical self-esteemglobal self-esteemperceived physical importancemoderating effect
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:3
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:46
本研究的目的在於:一、考驗本研究所提出的健身運動與自尊假設模式。二、比較不同組別之身體自尊與整體自尊在功能性體適能運動計劃介入後的差異。三、比較功能性體適能運動計劃介入對實驗組身體自尊及整體自尊的影響。四、探討知覺身體重要性對身體自尊與整體自尊關係間的調節效果。本研究以99位安養護機構老年人為研究對象,區分為實驗組(56人,平均年齡為81.93±8.26歲)與對照組(43人,平均年齡為81.37±6.78歲)。實驗組接受為期十二週、每週兩次、每次一小時的功能性體適能運動計劃。本研究所用的研究工具有:身體自我效能量表、身體勝任感量表、身體接受量表、知覺身體重要性量表、身體自尊量表及整體自尊量表。所收集的資料以徑路分析、t考驗(獨立與相依樣本)、及多元階層迴歸分析進行資料處理。本研究所得結果如下:
一、健身運動與自尊假設模式之驗證:(一)身體自我效能對身體勝任感的直接效果為0.67,身體勝任感對身體接受的直接效果為0.22,身體勝任感對身體自尊的直接效果為0.48,身體自尊對整體自尊的直接效果為0.45。(二)身體自尊在身體勝任感與整體自尊兩者關係間扮演完全中介的角色;身體接受在身體勝任感與身體自尊兩者關係間扮演部份中介的角色。(三)健身運動與自尊假設模式受到實徵資料的支持。
二、功能性體適能運動計劃對身體自尊與整體自尊的影響:(一)實驗組的身體自尊後測得分高於對照組的身體自尊後測得分。(二)實驗組的整體自尊後測得分高於對照組的整體自尊後測得分。(三)實驗組的身體自尊後測得分高於前測得分。(四)實驗組的整體自尊後測得分高於前測得分。
三、知覺身體重要性對身體自尊與整體自尊關係間之調節作用:(一)身體自尊與整體自尊兩者間關係受到知覺身體重要性的調節作用影響。(二)在高知覺身體重要性組別中,身體自尊對整體自尊的變異量具有57.8%的預測力;在低知覺身體重要性組別中,身體自尊對整體自尊的變異量具有48.8%的預測力。
The purposes were: 1.to explore the hypothesized Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM), 2.to compare the difference of physical self-esteem and global self-esteem after the intervention of functional fitness exercise program between experimental and control groups, 3.to compare the effect of the intervention of functional fitness exercise program on physical self-esteem and global self-esteem, 4.to explore the moderating effect of perceived physical importance on the relationships between physical self-esteem and global self-esteem. Participants were 99 elderly persons above 65 years old from the institutional care homes and were divided into two groups. The experiment group (EG) consisting of 56 elderly (81.93±8.26 yr) joined the functional fitness exercise intervention program twice weekly for 12 weeks. The other 43 subjects (81.37±6.78 yr) served as control group (CG). The instruments were Physical Self-Efficacy Inventory, Physical Competence Inventory, Physical Acceptance Inventory, Perceived Physical Importance Inventory, Physical Self-Esteem Inventory and Global Self-Esteem Inventory. The collected data were analyzed by path analysis, t-test (independent and paired), and multiple hierarchical regression analysis. The results were as follows:
1. The examination of the hypothesized EXSEM: (1) the effect of physical self-efficacy on the physical competence was 0.67, the effect of physical competence on the physical acceptance was 0.61, the effect of physical competence on the physical self-esteem was 0.35, and the effect of physical self-esteem on the global self-esteem was 0.45, (2) physical self-esteem totally mediated the relationships between physical competence and global self-esteem, and physical acceptance partially mediated the relationships between physical competence and physical self-esteem, (3) the hypothesized EXSEM was supported by empirical data in this study.
2. The effect of the functional fitness exercise program on the elderly physical self-esteem and global self-esteem: (1) EG’s physical self-esteem post-scores were higher than CG’s, (2) EG’s global self-esteem post-scores were higher than CG’s, (3) EG’s physical self-esteem post-scores were higher than pre-scores. (4) EG’s global self-esteem post-scores were higher than pre-scores.
3. The moderating effect of perceived physical importance on the relationships between physical self-esteem and global self-esteem: (1) the relationships between physical self-esteem and global self-esteem were moderated by perceived physical importance, (2) in the high perceived physical importance group, physical self-esteem could predict 57.8% variance of global self-esteem; in the low perceived physical importance group, physical self-esteem could predict 48.8% variance of global self-esteem.
內政部統計處(2009,1月12日):內政統計年報(人口年齡分配)。內政統計資訊服務網。資料引自http://sowf.moi.gov. tw/stat/ year/y02-01.xls。
王國川(2004):圖解SAS視窗在迴歸分析上的應用。臺北市:五南。
吳明隆(2006):SPSS統計應用學習實務─問卷分析與應用統計。臺北市:知城數位科技。
吳芝儀、李奉儒(1999):質的評鑑與研究。臺北市:桂冠。
呂美玲(2003):老年人健康狀況、身體活動與功能性體適能相關之探討。未出版之碩士論文,臺北市,國立臺灣師範大學體育學系在職進修碩士班。
李淑芳(2000):從事規律運動與無規律運動之中、老年婦女之健康與功能性體適能狀況及其心理狀況之比較。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫,計畫編號:NSC 89-2413-194-051。
李碧霞(2001):中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究-以臺北市中山區居民為例。未出版之博士論文,臺北市,國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士班。
卓俊辰(1992):體適能-健身運動的理論與實際。臺北市:國立臺灣師範大學體育學會。
林作慶(1995):十週運動介入計畫對糖尿病患者健康狀況影響之研究。未發表之碩士論文,臺北市,國立臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士班。
邱皓政 (2006):結構方程模式:LISREL的理論技術與應用。臺北市:雙葉書廊。
胡幼慧(1996):質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。臺北市:巨流。
高紀惠(2002):高雄地區安養中心老人社會心理反應之探討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫,計畫編號:NSC89-2314-B-242-001。
高毓秀(2002):職場員工運動行為改變計劃之實驗研究─跨理論模式之應用。未出版之博士論文,臺北市,國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士班。
張榕浚(2003):全面性照護之缺血性腦中風臨床路徑發展與評估。未出版之碩士論文,臺中市,中國醫藥學院醫務管理學研究所。
許泰彰(2000):國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。未出版之碩士論文,桃園縣,國立體育學院體育研究所。
郭紘嘉(2007):各項自我概念測量工具之修編研究。北台灣學報,30期,209-227頁。new window
陳清惠(1999):老年人與運動。榮總雜誌,16卷1期,348-358頁。new window
傅麗蘭(1998):平衡運動訓練前後老年人之平衡表現及步寬的改變。中華民國物理治療學會雜誌,23卷2期,26-33頁。
黃奕仁(2005):十六週團體運動介入計畫對老年人全人健康之影響。未出版之博士論文,臺北市,國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士班。new window
黃泰諭、張哲榕、林曼蕙、方進隆(2005):十週水中有氧訓練對女性老年人功能性體適能之影響。運動生理暨體能學報,3期,121-129頁。new window
黃漢年、陳全壽(1999):不穩定平衡維持時間之研究。論文發表於中華民國大專院校八十八年度體育學術研討會,台北縣,輔仁大學。
黃漢年、陳全壽(2001):不同運動項目對女子下肢動態平衡能力差異之研究。論文發表於2001年國際運動教練科學研討會,臺中市,國立臺灣體育學院。
劉小菁(2005):養護機構老人健康狀態與憂鬱相關性之探討。未出版之碩士論文,臺中市,國立中山醫學大學護理學系碩士班。
潘芙蓉(2007):皮拉提斯運動計畫對促進社區肥胖中老年人身心健康之成效探討。未出版之碩士論文,高雄縣,輔英科技大學護理系碩士班。
盧俊宏(2002):規律運動、心理健康和生活品質。國民體育季刊,31卷1期,60-73頁。
謝錦城(1998):體適能與全人健康的理念。學校體育,10卷4期,9-15頁。
藍青(1996):高齡者運動醫學。國民體育季刊,25卷1期,84-90頁。
藍青(2000):老祖宗的養生法:太極拳(上)。健康世界,171期,32-38頁。
Alexander, N. B., Galecki, A. T., Grenier, M. L., Nyquist, L. V., Hofmeyer, M. R., Grunawalt, J. C., Medell, J. L., & Fry-Welch, D. (2001). Task-specific resistance training to improve the ability of activities of daily living-impaired older adults to rise from a bed and from a chair. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(11), 1418-1427.
Arent, S., Landers, D., & Etnier, J. (2000). The effects of exercise on mood in older adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8(4), 407-430.
Baker, M. K., Atlantis, E., & Singh, M. A. F. (2007). Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age and Aging, 36, 375-381.
Baldwin, M. K., & Courneya, K. S. (1997). Exercise and self-esteem in breast cancer survivors: An application of the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 347-358.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bandura, A., & Adam, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 287-308.
Barnett, A., Smith, B., Lord, S. R., Williams, M., & Baumand, A. (2003). Community-based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at-risk older people: A randomized controlled trial. Age and Aging, 32, 407-414.
Barron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bassey, E. J., Fiatarone, M. A., O’Neill, E. F., Kelly, M., Evans, W. J., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1992). Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clinical Science, 82(3), 321-327.
Bemben, M. G., Massey, B. H., Bemben, D. A., Misner, J. E., & Boileau, R. A. (1991). Isometric muscle force production as a function of age in health 20 to 74-yr-old men. Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 23, 1302-1310.
Bensink, G. W., Godbey, K. L., Marshall, M. J., & Yarandi, H. N. (1992). Institutionalized elderly: Relaxation, locus of control, self-esteem. Journal of Gerontology Nursing, 18, 30-36.
Berg, B. L. (2006). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Berger, B. G., Pargman, D., & Weinberg, R. S. (2002). Foundations of exercise psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Binder, E. F., Yarasheski, K. E., Steger-May, K., Sinacore, D. R., Brown, M., Schechtman, K. B., & Holloszy, J. O. (2005). Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(11), 1425-1431.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol.1, pp.115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Bozoian, S., & McAuley, E. (1994). Strength training effects on subjective well-being and physical function in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, S156.
Brehm, B. A. (2000). Maximizing the psychological benefits of physical activity. ACSM’s Health and Fitness Journal, 4(6), 7-11.
Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & White, T. P. (1996). Exercise physiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Brouwer, B. J., Walker, C., Rydahl, S. J., & Culham, E. G. (2003). Reducing fear of falling in seniors through education and activity programs: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 829-834.
Brown, M., Sinacore, D. R., Ehsani, A. A., Binder, E. F., Holloszy, J. O., & Kohrt, W. M. (2000). Low-intensity exercise as a modifier of physical frailty in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(7), 960-965.
Chin A Paw, M. J. M., de Jong, N., Schouten, E. G., Hiddink, G. J., & Kok, F. J. (2001). Physical exercise and/or enriched foods for functional improvement in frail, independently living elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabitation, 82, 811-817.
Chin A Paw, M. J. M., van Poppel, M. N. M., Twisk, J. W. R., & van Mechelen, W. (2006). Once a week not enough, twice a week not feasible? A randomized controlled exercise trial in long-term care facilities. Patient Education and Counseling, 63, 205-214.
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Marx, M. S., & Guralnik, J. M. (2003). Motivators and barriers to exercise in an older community-dwelling population. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 11(2), 242-253.
Cronbach, L. (1987). Statistics tests for moderator variables: Flaws in analysis recently proposed. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 414-417.
David, K. M. (2003). Measurement by the physical educator why and how. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
Davis, C. (1997). Body image, exercise, and eating behaviors. In K. R. Fox (Ed.), The physical self: From motivation to well-being (pp.143-174). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Diefenbach, M. A., Leventhal, E. A., Leventhal, H. & Miller, P. L. (1996). Negative affect relates to cross-sectional but not longitudinal symptom reporting: Data from elderly adults. Health Psychology, 15(4), 282-288.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Elavsky, S., McAuley, E., Motl, R. W., & Konopack, J. F. (2005). Physical activity enhances long-term quality of life in older adults: Efficacy, esteem, and affective influences. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2), 138-145.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Ferrini, A. F., & Ferrini, R. (1999). Health in the later years. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Fox, K. R. (1990). The physical self-perception profile manual. DeKalb, IL: Office for Health Promotion, Northern Illinois University.
Fox, K. R. (1997). The physical self and processes in self-esteem development. In K. R. Fox (Ed.), The physical self: From motivation to well-being (pp.111-139). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Fox, K. R. (2000a). Self-esteem, self-perceptions and exercise. International of Sport Psychology, 31, 228-240.
Fox, K. R. (2000b). The effects of exercise on self-perceptions and self-esteem. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox, & S. H. Boucher (Eds.), Physical and psychological well-being (pp. 88-117). New York: Routledge.
Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 408-430.
Frey, K. S., & Ruble, D. N. (1990). Strategies for comparative evaluation: Maintaining a sense of competence across the lifespan. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kolligian (Eds.), Perceptions of competence and incompetence across the lifespan (pp.167-189). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Frontera, W. R., Meredith, C. N., O’Reilly, K. P., & Evans, W. J. (1990). Strength training and determinants of VO2max in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(1), 329-333.
Gecas, V., & Seff, M. A. (1990). Social class and self-esteem: Psychological centrality, compensation, and the relative effects of work and home. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 165-173.
Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999). Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: The RE-AIM framework. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1322-1327.
Gottesman, L. E., & Bourestom, N. C. (1974). Why nursing homes do what they do. Gerontologist, 14(6), 501-506.
Granger, C. V., Dewis, L. S., Peters, N. C., Sherwood, C. C., & Barrett, J. E. (1979). Stroke rehabilitation: Analysis of repeated Barthel index measurement. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(1), 14-17.
Hagberg, J. M., Graves, J. E., Limacher, M., Woods, D. R., Leggett, S. H., Cononie, C., Gruber, J. J., & Pollock, M. L. (1989). Cardiovascular responses of 70-to 79-yr-old men and women to exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(6), 2589-2594.
Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 123-142.
Harter, S. (1985). Competence as dimensions of self-evaluation: Toward a comprehensive model of self-worth. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), The development of self (pp.55-122). New York: Academic Press.
Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance and enhancement of self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspective on the self (Vol.3, pp.136-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Harter, S. (1989). Cause, correlations, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In J. Kollogian & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Perceptions of competence and incompetence across the life-span (pp.67-98). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Harter, S. (1990). Cause, correlates and the functional role of global worth: A life-span perspective. In R. Sternberg & J. Kolligian (Eds.), Competence considered (pp.67-69). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hattie, J. (1992). Self-concept. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Haywood, K. M., & Getchell, N. (2001). Perception and action in development: Life span motor development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Heath, G. W., Hagberg, J. M., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1981). A physiological comparison of young and older endurance athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 51(3), 634-640.
Hess, J. A., & Woollacott, M. (2005). Effect of high-intensity strength-training on functional measures of balance ability in balance-impaired older adults. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 28, 582-590.
Hopkins, D. R., Murrah, B., Hoeger, W. W., & Rhodes, R. C. (1990). Effects of low-impact aerobic dance on the functional fitness of elderly women. Gerontologist, 30(2), 189-192.
Horak, F. B., Shupert, C. L., & Mirka, A. (1989). Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: A review. Neurobiology of Aging, 10(6), 727-738.
Hu, L., McAuley, E., & Elavsky, S. (2005). Does the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale assess self-efficacy or self-esteem? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 152-170.
Hurst, D. F., Boswell, D. L., Boogaard, S. E., & Watson, M. W. (1997). The relationship of self-esteem to the health-related behaviors of the patients of a primary care clinic. Archives of Family Medicine, 6(1), 67-70.
Jackson, A. S., Beard, E. F., Wier, L. T., Ross, R. M., Stuteville, J. E., & Blair, S. N. (1995). Changes in aerobic power of men, ages 25-70 years. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 27, 113-120.
James, W. (1999). The principles of psychology. (R. H. Wozniak). Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press. (Original work published 1890).
Jette, A. M., Harris, B. A., & Sleeper, L. (1996). A home-based exercise program for non-disabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 644-649.
Kahn, J. H., Hessling, R. M., & Russell, D. W. (2003). Social support, health, and well-being among the elderly: What is the role of negative affectivity? Personality and Individual Difference, 35(1), 5-17.
Kallinen, M., Suominen, H., Vuolteenaho, O., & Alen, M. (1998). Effort tolerance in elderly women with different physical activity background. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 30(1), 170-176.
Kavussanu, M., & McAuley, E. (1995). Exercise and optimism: Are highly active individuals more optimistic? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 246-258.
Kim, J. S. (1998). A study of self-esteem, IADL, and life satisfaction in the elderly. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 28(1), 148-158.
King, A. C. (1994). Community and public health approaches to the promotion of physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 26(11), 1405-1412.
Knap, B., Buturovic-Ponikvar, J., Ponikvar, R., & Bren, A. (2005). Regular exercise as a part of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 9, 211-213.
Ko, Y., & Coons, S. J. (2005). An examination of self-reported chronic conditions and health status in the 2001 Medicare Health Outcomes Survey. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 21(11), 1801-1808.
Kuramoto, A. M. (2006). Therapeutic benefits of Tai Chi exercise: Research review. Official Publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 105, 42-46.
Laffrey, S. C., & Isenberg, M. (2003). The relationship of internal locus of control, value placed on health, perceived importance of exercise, and participation in physical activity during leisure. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40, 453-459.
Lan, C., Lai, J. S., Chen, S. Y., & Wong, M. K. (1998). 12-month Tai Chi training in the elderly: Its effect on health fitness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(3), 345-351.
Larsson, L. (1983). Histochemical characteristics of human skeletal muscle during aging. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 117(3), 469-471.
Latham, N. K., Bennett, D. A., Stretton, C. M., & Anderson, C. S. (2004). Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences, 59, 48-61.
Lazowski, D. A., Ecclestone, N. A., Myers, A. M., Paterson, D. H., Tudor-Locke, C., Fitzgerald, C., Jones, G., Shima, N., & Cunninqham, D. A. (1999). A randomized outcome evaluation of group exercise programs in long-term care institutions. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Science, 54, 621-628.
Ledin, T., Kronhed, A. C., Moller, C., Moller, M., Odkvist, L. M., & Olsson, B. (1990). Effects of balance training in elderly evaluated by clinical tests and dynamic petrography. Journal of Vestibular Research, 1(2), 129-138.
Lee, I. M., Hsieh, C. C., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1995). Exercise intensity and longevity in men: The Harvard alumni health study, The Journal of American Medical Association, 273, 1179-1184.
Leon, A. S., Connett, J., Jacobs, D. R., & Rauramaa, R. (1987). Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The multiple risk factor intervention trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(17), 2388-2395.
Levy, S. S., & Ebbeck, V. (2003). Influence of exercise on self-perceptions in adult women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(1), A65.
Levy, S. S., & Ebbeck, V. (2005). The exercise and self-esteem model in adult women: The inclusion of physical acceptance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 571-584.
Li, F., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N. R., Duncan, T. E., & Duncan, S. C. (2002). Tai chi as a means to enhance self-esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21(1), 70-89.
Lie, H., Mundal, R., & Erikssen, J. (1985). Coronary risk factors and incidence of coronary death in relation to physical fitness: Seven-year follow-up study of middle-aged and elderly men. European Heart Journal, 6, 147-157.
Liu-Ambrose, T., Khan, K. M., Eng, J. J., Lord, S. R., & McKay, H. A. (2004). Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training. Gerontology, 50, 373-382.
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 56-61.
Mangweth-Matzek, B., Rupp, C. I., Hausmann, A., Assmayr, K., Mariacher, E., Kemmler, G., Whitworth, A. B., & Biebl, W. (2006). Never too old for eating disorders or body dissatisfaction: A community study of elderly women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(7), 583-586.
Marcus, B. H., Dubbert, P. M., King, A. C., & Pinto, B. M. (1995). Physical activity in women: Current status and future directions. In A. L. Stanton & S. J. Gallent (Eds.), The psychology of women’s health: Progress and challenges in research and application (pp.349-379). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Marsh, H. W. (1986). Global self-esteem: Its relation to specific facets of self-concept and their importance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1224-1236.
Marsh, H. W. (1990). A multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept: Theoretical and empirical justification. Educational Psychology Review, 2, 77-171.
Marsh, H. W. (1993a). Relations between global and specific domains of self: The important of individual importance, certainty, and ideals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 975-992.
Marsh, H. W. (1993b). Academic self-concept: Theory, measurement and research. In J. Suls, (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 4, pp.59-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Marsh, H. W. (1994). The importance of being important: Theoretical models of relations between specific and global component of physical self-concept. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 306-325.
Marsh, H. W., & O’Neill, R. (1986). Self-Description Questionnaire Ⅲ(SDQⅢ): The construct validity of multidimensional self-concept ratings by late adolescents. Journal of Educational Measurement, 21(2), 153-174.
Marsh, H. W., & Sonstroem, R. J. (1995). Importance ratings and specific components of physical self-concept: Relevance to predicting global components of self-concept and exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 84-104.
Marsh, H. W., Relich, J. D., & Smith, I. D. (1983). Self-concept: The construct validity of interpretations based on the SDQ. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 173-187.
Marsh, H. W., Smith, I. D., & Barnes, J. (1986). Multidimensional self-concepts: Relationships with inferred self-concepts and academic achievement. Australian Journal of Psychology, 36, 367-386.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (1991). Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance. (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 103-113.
McAuley, E. (1994). Physical activity and psychosocial outcomes. In C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.), Physical activity, fitness, and health: The consensus knowledge (pp. 551-578). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
McAuley, E., Blissmer, B., Katula, J., Duncan, T. E., & Mihalko, S. L. (2000). Physical activity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy relationships in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22(2), 131-139.
McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Motl, R. W., & Konopack, J. F. (2005). Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: Longitudinal relationships in older adults. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(5), 268-275.
McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., & Bane, S. M. (1997). Exercise and self-esteem in middle-aged adults: Multidimensional relationships and physical fitness and self-efficacy influences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(1), 67-83.
McKinley, P., Jacobson, A., Leroux, A., Bednarczyk, V., Rossignol, M., & Fung, J. (2008). Effect of a community-based Argentine tango dance program on functional balance and confidence in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 16, 435-453.
Means, K., Rodell, D., & O’Sullivan, P. (2005). Balance, mobility, and falls among community-dwelling elderly persons: Effects of rehabilitation exercise program. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 238-250.
Mendelson, B. K., Mendelson, M. J., & White, D. R. (2001). Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 90-106.
Mobily, K. E., Rubenstein, L. M., Lemke, J. H., O’Hara, M. W., & Wallace, R. B. (1996). Walking and depression in a cohort of older adults: The Iowa 65+ rural health study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 4, 119-135.
Mobily, K., Lemke, J., Ostiguy, L., Woodard, R. J., Griffee, T., & Pickens, C. (1993). Leisure repertoire in a sample of Midwestern elderly: The case for exercise. Journal of Leisure Research, 25, 84-99.
Morey, M. C., Cowper, P. A., Feussner, J. R., Dipasquale, R. C., & Crowley, G. M. (1991). Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 39(6), 549-554.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the Veterants’ Affairs Normative Aging Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 189-202.
Murphy, G. (1947). Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure. New York: Harper & Row.
Murray, M. P., Wood, A. A., & Susan, B. S. (1975). Normal postural stability and steadiness quantitative assessment. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgical, 57, 510-515.
Mutrie, N., Blamey, A., & Davison, R. (1993). Class-based and home-based activities for older people. Edinburgh, UK: The Scottish Sports Council.
Nelson, P. B. (1989).Social support, self-esteem, and depression in the institutionalized elderly. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 10(1), 55-68.
Netz, Y., Wu, M-J., Becker, B., & Tenenbaum, G. (2005). Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20(20), 272-284.
Nieman, D. C. (1995). Fitness and sports medicine: A health-related approach (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Bull.
Olfman, S. (1987). Relationships among physical fitness, cognitive performance and self-concept in older adults. Dissertation Abstract International, 48, B271.
Perkins, A., & Clark, D. (2001). Assessing the association of walking with health services use and cost among socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults. Preventive Medicine, 32, 492-501.
Perrin, P. P., Gauchard, G. C., Perrot, C., & Jeandel, C. (1999). Effects of physical and sporting activities on balance control in elderly people. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(2), 121-126.
Pfeiffer, E. (1975). A Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23(10), 433-441.
Phelan, E. A., Williams, B., Penninx, B., LoGerfo, J. P., & Leveille, S. (2004). Activities of daily living function and disability in older adults in a randomized trial of the Health Enhancement Program. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 59, 838-843.
Phillips, W. T., Broman, T. E., Burkett, L. N., & Swann, P. D. (2003). Single set strength training increases strength, endurance and functional fitness in community living older adults. Activities, Adaptation, & Aging, 27, 1-18.
Price, G. M., Uauy, R., Breeze, E., Bulpitt, C. J., & Fletcher, A. E. (2006). Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: Elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84, 449-460.
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (1999). Development and validation of functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 7, 129-161.
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2001). Senior fitness test manual. Campaign, IL: Human Kinetic.
Robertson, M. C., Devlin, N., Gardner, M. M., & Campbell, A. J. (2001). Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 1: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 322, 697-701.
Rodin, J. (1982). Personal control through the life course. In R. P. Abeles (Ed.), Life-span perspectives and social psychology (pp.103-119). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60, 141-156.
Ross, R, Léger, L, Morris, D, de Guise, J, & Guardo, R. (1992). Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: Relationship with anthropometric variables. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72(2), 787–795.
Ryckman, R. M., Robbins, M. A., Thornton, B., & Cantrell, P. (1982). Development and validation of a Physical Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 891-900.
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G., Mundal, R., & Rodahl, K. (1993). Physical fitness as a predictor of morality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 533-537.
Schlicht, J., Camaione, D. N., & Owen, S. V. (2001). Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56, 281-286.
Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976). Validation of construct interpretation. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407-441.
Sonstroem, R. J. (1974). Attitude testing examining certain psychological correlates of physical activity. Research Quarterly, 45, 93-103.
Sonstroem, R. J. (1978). Physical estimation and attraction scales: Rationale and research. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10, 97-102.
Sonstroem, R. J. (1984). Exercise and self-esteem. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 12, 123-155.
Sonstroem, R. J. (1997). Physical activity and self-esteem. In W. P. Morgan (Ed.), Physical activity and mental health (pp. 128-143). Washington DC: Taylor & Francis.
Sonstroem, R. J. (1998). Physical self-concept: Assessment and external validity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Review, 26, 133-164.
Sonstroem, R. J., & Morgan, W. P. (1989). Exercise and self-esteem: Rationale and model. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 21(3), 329-337.
Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., & Josephs, L. (1994). Exercise and self-esteem: Validity of model expansion and exercise associations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychologies, 16, 29-42.
Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., & Salisbury, K. S. (1993). Path analysis of a self-esteem model across a competitive swim season. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64(3), 335-342.
Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., Gemma, L. M., & Osborne, S. (1991). Test of structural relationships with a proposed exercise and self-esteem model. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 348-364.
Sonstroem, R. J., Speliotis, E., & Fava, J. (1992). Perceived physical competence in adults: An examination of Physical Self-Perception Profile. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 207-221.
Spence, J. C., McGannon, K. R., & Poon, P. (2005). The effect of exercise on global self-esteem: A qualitative review. Journal of Sport & Exercise, 27, 311-334.
Spirduso, W. W. (1995). Physical dimensions of aging. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Stathi, A., & Simey, P. (2007). Quality of life in the forth age: Exercise experience of nursing home residents. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15, 272-286.
Statistics Canada. (2005, December 15). Population projections. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/05 1215/dq051215b-eng.htm.
Steadman, J., Donaldson, N., & Kalra, L. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 51(6), 847-852.
Sternfeld, B., Ngo, L., Satariano, W. A., & Tager, I. B. (2002). Association with physical performance and self-reported functional limitation in elderly men and women. American Journal Epidemiology, 158(2), 110-121.
Stewart, A. L., Mills, K. M., Sepsis, P. G., King, A. C., McLellan, B., Roitz, K., & Ritter, P. L. (1997). Evaluation of CHAMPS, a physical activity promotion program for older adults. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 353-361.
Taft, L. B. (1985). Self-esteem in later life: A nursing perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(1), 77-84.
Thompson, M. A., & Gray, J. J. (1995). Development and validation of a new body-image assessment scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(2), 258-269.
Torres, R., Fernandez, F., & Maceira, D. (1995). Self-esteem and value of health as correlates of adolescent health behavior. Adolescence, 30(118), 403-412.
Visser, M., Harris, T. B., Langlois, J., Hannan, M. T., Roubenoff, R., Felson, D., & Wilson, P. W. (1998). Body fat and skeletal muscle mass in relation to physical disability in very old men and women of the Framingham Heart Study. Journal of Gerontology, 53, 214-221.
Whitlatch, S., & Adema, R. (1996). Functional benefits of a structured hot water group exercise program. Activities, Adaption and Aging, 20(3), 75-85.
Wolf, S. L., O’Grady, J., Easley, K. A., Guo, Y., Kressig, R. W., & Kutner, M. (2006). The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61, 184-189.
Woodward, N., & Wallston, B. (1987). Age and health care beliefs: Self-efficacy as a mediator of low desire for control. Psychology and Aging, 2, 3-8.
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research. Gait & Posture, 16, 1-14.
Wu, G. (2002). Evaluation of the effectiveness of Tai Chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population: A review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 746-754.
Wylie, R. C. (1974). The self-concept: A review of methodological considerations and measuring instruments (Vol.1). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska.
Yeagle, G. W. (1982). The effect of a physical recreation program on the self-concept and flexibility of senior citizens. Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, B3184.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關書籍
 
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE