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題名:印尼華人地方政治參與—以山口洋市為例
作者:魏愛妮
作者(外文):Ng Yufita
校院名稱:國立中山大學
系所名稱:中國與亞太區域研究所
指導教授:顧長永
翁嘉禧
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:民主身分認同去中心化地方政治政治改革identitydecentralizationlocal politicsdemocracypolitical reform
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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印尼是擁有多元文化的國家。獨立後的印尼以「存異求同」(Bhinneka Tunggal Ika)為格言建立強大的自由民主國家。印尼政治與民主的發展經歷了政治爭鬥、威權政府、多數決暴政等的挑戰,造成社會分裂、長期種族間的衝突以及強烈的種族身分認同。威權政府在90年代下臺後,印尼進入政治改革,開始推行地方分權政策及地方領導直選(Pilkada),促進地方的發展與自治的地方政府,並給予地方公民,包含華人參政的機會。印尼華人參與印尼政壇已有悠久歷史,並參與了印尼獨立抗戰。但華人身分及其文化信仰與印尼單一社會認同仍有著明顯差異。由於歷史讓印尼社會陷入自信心瓦解的危機,導致身分議題容易成為謀取政治利益工具。身分認同是印尼政治發展中,嚴重威脅印尼當地公民及華人的議題。山口洋市(Singkawang)華人在地方政治的政績為印尼政治帶來新的氣息。本論文以訪談、文獻探討及個人為印尼華人的生活經驗探討去中心化政策與印尼社會特徵對山口洋市華人參與政治的影響以及其對印尼華人政治參與。本研究發現山口洋華人地方政治的成功案例很可能成為其他地區華人的借鏡。山口洋市的華人市長案例,不僅僅是因為該市具有多數華人公民,更是因為個人的政見與政績的因素,以及社會之間的互動。除此之外,現任華人市長蔡翠媚更是因其能力受到當地公民的支持,促成社會中族群之間的互動,為社會融合建立了相互信任及接受身分差異的認識與認同。
Indonesia is a multicultural country with a variety of ethnicities and cultures. Multiculturalism in Indonesia is enshrined in the phrase Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, launched after Indonesian independence to build a strong nation-state with a free and democratic government. During its political development, democratic progress in Indonesia has faced major challenges due to power struggles, authoritarian rule, pluralism and a tyranny of the majority, which has historically caused societal divisions, prolonged inter-ethnic conflict, and recognition of strongly claimed ethnic identities. The collapse of the authoritarian government in the late 1990s brought Indonesia political reform through policies aimed at decentralization, and the implementation of direct regional elections (Pilkada), local development under independent local governments (Pemda), and provision of opportunities for local communities and minorities, including ethnic Chinese who participate and take part in politics to express their aspirations. Ethnic Chinese’ role in Indonesian politics goes back to their taking part in shaping and building the Indonesian state. However, ethnic and religious identity, especially in Islam, reinforce the differences between Chinese ethnic identity and the Indonesian communal society of the majority. Colonial history gave the Indonesian people a crisis of self-confidence, and therefore, the issue of identity was easily exploited for political interests. The success that ethnic Chinese have experienced in local Singkawang city politics has brought them opportunities to participate in broader Indonesian politics, although the current success is locally limited, and ethnic Chinese people are the demographic majority in Singkawang. Still, the success of two Chinese Singkawang as mayors foreshadows the possibility for ethnic Chinese to succeed in other cities, districts, or in national elections. The success of ethnic Chinese in Singkawang was not solely due to the support of local Chinese, but also dependent on support from other ethnic groups. In fact, some local ethnic Chinese chose not to participate in politics and elections. This paper, through interviews, literature discussions and personal life experiences of Chinese Indonesians, discusses the influence of decentralization policies and Indonesian social characteristics on Chinese participation in Singkawang politics, and the consequential impact of ethnic Chinese political participation on Indonesian politics. This study found that the successful cases of Singkawang Chinese local politics are likely to be a reference for Chinese in other regions. Voters have become aware that they can use their votes to support competent candidates rather than voting along “ethnic lines.” The success of Tjhai Chui Mie as mayor of Singkawang is due to her competence in political lobbying, urban development, and fostering interaction among all ethnic groups in the community. Understanding through interaction builds trust, acceptance and recognition of all people, even those who may share different identities.
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