本文以戒嚴時期的政治刑法為例，從政治刑法檢視政治、權利在法律層面的應用。首先就考察戒嚴時期的政治刑法「懲治叛亂條例」及「戡亂時期檢肅匪諜條例」兩種特別刑法。此等特別刑法均具有高度的政治性，使得人民常被依此論罪；次而探究戒嚴時期中「不法」之概念：政治刑法其具有完整形式立法，卻為不符實質正義的惡法；三為從戒嚴時代的刑法特徵為「有疑必罰」，而逐漸演進至現代法治國「無罪推定」原則；第四將探討考察大法官會議解釋對於參與叛亂組織之沿革，以考察「不法」內涵的時代意義；最後透過賴特布魯(Radbruch)的法哲學概念反思法律體系以及政治與法律之間的關係。對照台灣自戒嚴時代以來發展脈絡，的確朝法治國原則邁進。然如何克服過去、並徹底落實轉型正義，則為未來的重要課題。

The criminal laws in martial law period, namely, the Espionage Laws of the Period of the Communist Rebellion and the Anti-Insurgency Law are highly politicized in nature. This paper studies the political criminal laws in martial law period from a political analysis. Firstly, in the period of martial law period, the rights of people were severely impaired in that the criminal laws abovementioned were enacted easily. Secondly, as the criminal laws were formal in the form of legislation, the impeachments of such criminal laws were nevertheless regarded as unlawful. Thirdly, the principle of presumption of innocence is affirmed in numerous judicial reviews. Therefore, in the context of Radbruch's philosophy of law, Taiwan is gradually bound by the principle of 'rule of law'. However, it is more critical to consolidate the transitional justice vis-à-vis the unlawful past in the martial law period in Taiwan.