The Issue of Equality during the Revolutionary America, 1760s-1780s__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	The Issue of Equality during the Revolutionary America, 1760s-1780s
書刊名：	興大人文學報
作者：	黃小平
作者(外文)：	Huang, Hsiao-ping
出版日期：	2007
卷期：	39
頁次：	頁367-399
主題關鍵詞：	自由之子；民團；奴隸制度；獨立宣言；共和制；湯姆斯．傑佛遜；州憲法；權利法案；婦女投票權；黑人投票權；Son of Liberty；Militiamen；Slavery；Declaration of Independence；Republicanism；Thomas Jefferson；State Constitutions；Declarations of Rights；Woman suffrage；Black disfranchisement
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:28

平等議題深受美國十八世紀政治人物重視, 南卡羅來納州和維吉尼亞州州憲制定日期均早於主張天賦人權的美國「獨立宣言」，但社會現象和政治理念並不同調，革命者對平等理念的解讀不盡相同，不平等普遍存在於社會各層面。在十三州殖民地抗議英國國會獨斷徵稅所引發的暴力事件中，有許多是來自於殖民地中無投票權的貧窮下層人民對富有特權階級的反抗。從遍及都市地區到殖民地鄉間的民間動亂，顯示在獨立革命前後廿多年間嚴重的社會對立。在獨立革命前，無財產婦女被視為無獨立意志，無投票權；黑人中的奴隸是白人主人的財產，而已在美國生活了數代的北方自由黑人、印地安人和猶太人等，亦被排除在政治與社會平等外。但是政治精英們對於爭取從英國脫離奴役狀態與在十三州殖民地存在的奴隸制度之間的矛盾現象，卻選擇刻意忽略，即使主張廢奴的湯姆斯•傑佛遜其動機亦是源於對族裔戰爭的恐懼。十三州的新州憲大部分均附有權利法案，賦與大部分白人男子，特別是有財產的男子投票權，改善了選民代表權，但保留了政治上的不平等。現代意義的民主政治並不存在於革命期間的美國。

以文找文

The issue of equality had a place in American politics long before the Declaration of Independence. Although the idea of equality placed a central role in the actions of those who supported Independence, it did not necessarily mean the same thing or hold the same implications in the minds of Revolutionaries. As Thomas Jefferson well knew, proclaiming, "all men are created equal" was an effective argument against rule by a monarch; but it could also be a powerful stimulus for change in a society where the majority was not free and equal. The political ideas of society pointed one way, the cultural assumptions the other. Conflicts for social equality took many forms in the revolutionary period. Many ordinary people would not accept conditions that presented to them by those with more power, status, or wealth. From the 1760s through 1770s disturbances broke out not only in urban areas but the countryside threatened social stability. By 1776, Americans were well along the way to accept the doctrine of natural rights and the principle that just government rested on the consent of the governed, but neither was interpreted as giving political rights to women, blacks, American Indians and persons with different religious convictions. Nearly all of the new state constitutions contained a declaration of rights that were outgrowth of colonial experience. Although some improvements were made in representation under the Revolutionary constitutions, they retained features of political inequality. Consequently, whatever political democracy did exist was a democracy of white, male property owners.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Nash, Gary B.(1976)。Urban Wealth and Poverty in Pre-Revolutionary America。Journal of Interdisciplinary History，6，545-584。
2.	McDonnell, Michael A.(1998)。Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia: The Failure of the Minutemen and the Revolution from Below。Journal of American History，3，961。
3.	Evans, Emory G.(1963)。A Question of Complexion: Documents Concerning the Negro and Franchise in Eighteenth-Century Virginia。Virginia Magazine and Biography，71，414。
4.	Akers, Charles W.(1975)。Our Modern Egyptians: Phillis Wheatley and the Whig Campaign against Slavery in Revolutionary Boston。Journal of Negro History，60，406-407。

圖書
1.	Wood, Gordon S.(1993)。The Radicalism of the American Revolution。New York：Vintage Books。
2.	Maier, Pauline(1997)。American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence。American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence。New York。
3.	Jordan, Winthrop D.(1968)。White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812。Chapel Hill。
4.	Pocock, John G. A.(1975)。The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republic Tradition。Princeton, New Jersey。
5.	Wood, Gordon S.(1998)。The creation of the American republic 1776-1787。Chapel Hill：The University Of North Carolina Press。
6.	Wood, Gordon S.(1990)。The Rising Glory of America, 1760-1820。The Rising Glory of America, 1760-1820。Boston。
7.	Fry, Sylvia R.(1991)。Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age。Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age。New Jersey。
8.	Wells, Robert V.(1975)。The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776: A survey of census data。The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776: A survey of census data。New Jersey。
9.	Kurtz, Stephen G.、Hutson, James H.(1973)。Essays on the American Revolution。Essays on the American Revolution。Chapel Hill。
10.	Carson, Clarence B.(1973)。The Rebirth of Liberty。The Rebirth of Liberty。New York。
11.	Jones, Jacqueline、Wood, Peter(2003)。Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States (Vol. 1) to 1877。Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States (Vol. 1) to 1877。Pearson。
12.	Raphael, Ray(2002)。A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence。A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence。
13.	Gilje, Paul A.(1999)。Rioting in America: Interdisciplinary Studies in History。Rioting in America: Interdisciplinary Studies in History。Bloomington。
14.	Stiverson, Gregory A.(1977)。Poverty in the Land of Plenty: Maryland Bicentennial Studies。Poverty in the Land of Plenty: Maryland Bicentennial Studies。Baltimore。
15.	Klein, Rachel N.(1990)。Unification of a Slave State: The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1760-1808。Unification of a Slave State: The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1760-1808。Chapel Hill。
16.	Nash, Gary B.(1990)。The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America。The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America。Chapel Hill。
17.	Kay, Marvin L. Michael(1984)。The North Carolina Regulation, 1766-1776: A Class Conflict。The American Recolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism。De Kalb。
18.	Black, Jeremy(2004)。War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775-1783。War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775-1783。Collingdale, Pa.。
19.	Smith, Charles Page(1973)。James Wilson, Founding Father, 1742-98。James Wilson, Founding Father, 1742-98。Westport。
20.	Greene, Evarts B.、Harrington, Virginia D.(1997)。American Population before the Federal Census of 1790。American Population before the Federal Census of 1790。New York。
21.	Wright, James M.(1921)。The Free Negro in Maryland, 1634-1860。The Free Negro in Maryland, 1634-1860。
22.	Quarles, Benjamin(1961)。The Negroes in the American Revolution。The Negroes in the American Revolution。Chapel Hill。
23.	Drake, Thomas E.(1950)。Quakers and Slavery in America。Quakers and Slavery in America。New Haven。
24.	Bailyn, Bernard(1965)。Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750-1776。Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750-1776。Cambridge。
25.	Wood, Peter H.(1978)。Taking Care of Business in South Carolina: Republicanism and the Slave Society。The Southern Experience in the American Revolution。Chapel Hill。
26.	Hutchinson, William T.、Rachal, William M. E.(1962)。The Papers of James Madison。The Papers of James Madison。Chicago。
27.	Quarles, Benjamin、Nash, Gary、Tate, Thad(1996)。The Negro in the American Revolution。The Negro in the American Revolution。Chapel Hill。
28.	Robinson, Donald L.(1971)。Slavery in the structure of American Politics, 1765-1820。Slavery in the structure of American Politics, 1765-1820。New York。
29.	Bailyn, Bernard(1967)。Ideological Origins of the American Revolution。Ideological Origins of the American Revolution。Cambridge。
30.	Miller, John Chester(1991)。The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery。The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery。Charlottesville。
31.	Scott, Anne Firor(1992)。Natural Allies: Women's Associations in American History。Natural Allies: Women's Associations in American History。Urbana。
32.	McAffee, Thomas B.(2000)。Inherent Rights, the Written Constitution, and Popular Sovereignty: The Founders' Understanding。Inherent Rights, the Written Constitution, and Popular Sovereignty: The Founders' Understanding。Westport。
33.	Pole, J. R.(1966)。Political Representation in England and the Origins of American Republic。Political Representation in England and the Origins of American Republic。New York。
34.	Scott, Ann C.(1975)。One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage。One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage。Philadelphia。
35.	Dinkin, Robert J.(1995)。Before Equal Suffrage: women in Partisan Politics from colonial times to 1920。Before Equal Suffrage: women in Partisan Politics from colonial times to 1920。Westport。
36.	Ellis, Joseph J.(1997)。American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson。American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson。West Lafayette, Ind.。
37.	Kerber, Linda K.(1997)。Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America。Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America。Chapel Hill。
38.	Adams, Abigail、Shuffelton, Frank、Adams, John(2003)。The letters of John and Abigail Adams。The letters of John and Abigail Adams。New York。
39.	Porter, Kirk Harold(1971)。A History of Suffrage in the United States。A History of Suffrage in the United States。Chicago。
40.	Keyssar, Alexander(2001)。The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States。The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States。New York。
41.	Cooke, Jacob E.(1982)。The Federalist。The Federalist。Middletown。
42.	Hening, William Waller(1969)。The Statutes at Large being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia(vol.2)。The Statutes at Large being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia(vol.2)。Charlottesville, Va。

其他
1.	(1776)。A Dialogue between Orator Puff and Peter Easy。

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