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題名：美國專利域外效力--兼論其對專利涉外民事案件審理之影響
書刊名：興大法學
作者：謝祖松 引用關係
作者(外文)：Hsieh, Tsu-sung
出版日期：2015
卷期：17
頁次：頁189-281
主題關鍵詞：專利法；屬地主義；域外效力；境外組裝；境外製造；誘引侵權；方法專利；外太空；國際私法；權利應受保護地；Patent Act；Territorial doctrine；Extraterritoriality；Overseas assembly；Overseas manufacturing；Aiding and abetting；Method patent；International Private Law；Outer space；Law of state where protection is sought
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美國專利法第271(a)條明文專利權為一屬地權，遵守其案例法建立之「域外效力推定不成立」原則。但科技日新月異、國際貿易盛行，衍生許多待解決問題，美國專利法例外擴張專利域外效力。例如，制定專利法第271(f)條以解決境外組裝問題，制定第271(g)條以解決境外製造問題，制定第105條以解決外太空活動問題，制定第271(b)條以解決境外誘引侵權問題。此外，案例法如AT&T案解釋方法專利在第271(f)條「元件」及「提供」之適用範圍；Decca案建立「涉入原則」；RIM Ⅱ案提供對物及方法專利在境外設施之侵權實務見解；Wing Shing案之擴張見解，有助第271(b)條解決境外誘引侵權問題。值得注意，該等案件均討論方法專利，可見方法專利有使域外效力議題細緻化的能量。在專利涉外案件上，域外效力得擴大國際管轄權，並得以本國法為準據法，連帶使判決之境外執行更具操作性，對權利人有周延且多元之保護。至於，案件之承認與執行，尚須視是否有區域性整合規範，例如布魯塞爾公約等，否則即便有專利域外效力之本國判決，尚無法完全執行。我國法制對專利域外效力之規範，顯有法律漏洞，為周延保護中華民國專利，建議：（一）參考美國專利法第271(a)條、第271(b)條、第271(f)條、第271(g)條、第105條，增修我國專利法相關條文；及（二）參照參考ALI之規範原則第301條及第302條，修正我國涉外法第42條，以確立特定專屬管轄權，及權利成立地法適用時機，並明定準用規定，應有助於我國涉外專利民事案件之審理。
The case law in the United States had established the “presump-tion against extraterritoriality” doctrine, while the statutory law had enacted the sections of 271(b), (f), (g), and 105 of the US Patent Act to exceptionally provide the “extraterritorial doctrine”, such that it would be able to regulate situations such as partial manufacturing within the United States and overseas assembly thereof to avoid the all-elements rule, importing of overseas-manufactured products made by method patents, infringing by extended instrumentalities or over-seas activities located in non-sovereign areas including outer spaces, or overseas aiding and abetting acts contributed to an inducement. Issues relating to international private law regarding extraterritori-ality include the classification of exclusive jurisdiction to patents due to its necessity of being registered to the state, which distinguishes a patent from other forms of intellectual properties such as copyrights. The classification is conducted based on the considerations of factors of comity, doctrine of state action, and the nature of validity thereof. The author argues that various sections of the Patent Act shall be amended to essentially contain mechanisms established at the sections of 271(a), (b), (f), (g), and 105 of the US Patent Act. And, the section 42 of the Law Governing the Application of Laws to Civil Matters In-volving Foreign Elements shall be amended as well to essentially con-tain mechanisms established at the section 301 of ALI regulation to issues of the existence, validity, duration, attributes, and infringement of intellectual property rights and the remedies for their infringement, and determine the applicable laws to be: (a) for registered rights, the law of each State of registration. (b) for other intellectual property rights, the law of each State for which protection is sought.
期刊論文
1.蔡華凱(20080700)。涉外民事法律適用法草案物權章之評析。月旦法學，158，38-49。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Ruzich, Richard T.(2006)。Government Patent and Copyright Infringement Overseas under 28 U.S.C. § 1498 (In the Shadow of the RIM Decisions)。Fed. Circuit B. J.，15，401+423。  new window
3.呂紹凡(20070800)。專利權之域外效力--美國最高法院Microsoft v. AT&T判決簡介。萬國法律，154，33-39。  延伸查詢new window
4.吳欣玲(20091000)。專利間接侵權（Indirect Infringement）規定之初探--兼論我國專利法修正草案之內容。智慧財產權月刊，130，40-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.陳冠中、郭又菁(20100200)。專利權之域外效力之新發展--對於電腦軟體及方法項之適用。萬國法律，169，81-89。  延伸查詢new window
6.蔡華凱(20101000)。涉外智慧財產民事事件之國際裁判管轄與準據法。國立中正大學法學集刊，31，57-115。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.Hamer, Blaney(1991)。Domestic Manufacturer Infringement Liaoilitv under the Process Patent Act。COMPUTER LAW，24。  new window
8.Sumner, John P.、Lundberg, Steven W.(1986)。The Versatility of Software Patent Protection: From Subroutines to Look and Feel。COMPUTER LAW.，1。  new window
9.Anderson, Andrew W.(1982)。Jurisdiction over Stateless Vessels on the High Seas: An Appraisal under Domestic and International Law。J. Maritime L. & Comm，13，323。  new window
10.Bender, Gretchen Ann(2000)。Clash of the Titans: The Territoriality of Patent Law vs. The European Union。IDEA，40，49。  new window
11.Bilodeau, Thomas(1998)。When are Pharmaceutical Products Materially Changed from an Intermediate Compound? En Lilly V. Cycmamid。Geo. Mason L. Rev.，6，339。  new window
12.Bradley, Curtis A.(1997)。Territorial Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Globalism。VA. J. INT’L L.，37，505。  new window
13.Burk, Dan L.(1993)。Protection of Trade Secrets in Outer Space Activity: A Study in Federal Preemption。SETON HALL L. Rev.，23，560。  new window
14.Burk, Dan L.(1993)。Patents in Cyberspace: Territoriality and Infringement on Global Computer Networks。TUL. L. Rev.，68，1。  new window
15.Chao, Bernard(2012)。Reconciling Foreign and Domestic Infringement。UMKCL. REV，80，607。  new window
16.Chisum, Donald S.(1997)。Normative and Empirical Territoriality in Intellectual Property: Lessons from Patent Law。VA. J. INT’L L.，37，603。  new window
17.Dinwoodie, Graeme B.(2009)。Boundaries of Intellectual Property Symvosium: Crossing Boundaries: Developing a Private International Intellectual Property Law: The Demise of Territoriality?。WM. & MARY L. Rev.，51，711。  new window
18.Hanson, Ernest J.(2010)。What is a Component: Has Cardiac Pacemakers Put 35 U.S.C. §271(F)’s Applicability to Process Patents on Life Support?。U. ILL. J. L. Tech. & Pol’y，2，383。  new window
19.Hutchison, Cameron、Yahya, Mom A.(2008)。Infringement & the international Reach of U.S. Patent Law。FED. ClR. B. J.，17，241。  new window
20.Moulton, Elizabeth(2011)。Inducing Immune Infringement: The Interplay of Section 287(c) and Section 271(b)。COLUM. SCI. & TECH. L. REV.，13，206。  new window
21.Reynolds, Glenn H.(1990)。The Patents in Space Act。HARV. J. L. & TECH.，3，14。  new window
22.Ro, Theodore U.、Kleiman, Matthew J.、Hammerle, Kurt G.(2011)。Patent Infringement in Outer Space in Light of 35 U.S.C. §105: Following the White Rabbit Down the Rabbit Loophole。B. U. J. SCI. & TECH. L.，17，202。  new window
23.Rooms, Kendra(2007)。Extraterritorial Patent Enforcement and Multinational Patent Litigation: Proposed Guidelines for U.S. Courts。VA. L. REV.，93，1259。  new window
24.Schroeder, Jacob A.(2009)。So Long as You Live under My Roof, You’ll Live by... Whose Rules?: Ending the Extraterritorial Application of Patent Law。TEX. Intell. Prop. L. J.，18，55。  new window
25.Thomas, John R.(1996)。Litigation Beyond the Technological Frontier: Comparative Approaches to Multinational Patent Enforcement。LAW & POL’Y INT’L BUS.，27，277。  new window
26.Trimble, Marketa(2009)。Cross-Border Injunctions in U.S. Patent Cases and Their Enforcement Abroad。MARQ. INTELL PROP. L. REV.，13，331。  new window
27.Trimble, Marketa(2011)。When Foreigners Infringe Patents: An Empirical Look at the Involvement of Foreign Defendants in Patent Litigation in the U.S.。Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L. J .，27，449。  new window
28.(1967)。Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies。U. N. T. S.，610，205。  new window
29.Adams, Charles W.(2006)。A Brief History of Indirect Liability for Patent Infringement。Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal，22，369-385。  new window
30.Lemley, Mark A.(2005)。Inducing Patent Infringement。UC Davis Law Review，39，225-247。  new window
會議論文
1.杜煥芳(2011)。兩岸國際私法之物權及智慧財產權比較與適用。2011海峽兩岸國際私法學術研討會，(會議日期: 2011年10月)。中國文化大學華岡出版部。5-2-1-5-2-1-24。  延伸查詢new window
2.張有捷(2011)。簡評國際私法智慧財產權適用準據法之規定--以新涉外民事法律適用法第42條爲中心。2011海峡兩岸國際私法學術研討會，(會議日期: 2011年10月)。中國文化大學華岡出版部。5-3-1-5-3-1-9。  延伸查詢new window
3.馮霞(2011)。中國渉外智慧財產權法律保護立法考量。2011海峡兩岸國際私法學術研討會會，(會議日期: 2011年10月)。中國文化大學華岡出版部。5-1-1-5-1-1-26。  延伸查詢new window
4.Austin, Graeme(2001)。Private International Law and Intellectual Property Rights, A Common Law Overview。WIPO Forum on Private International Law and Intellectual Property，(會議日期: January 30 and 31, 2001)。Geneva。  new window
研究報告
1.AIPPI。Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in the Case of Cross-Border Infringement (infringing acts) of Intellectual Property Rights (計畫編號：Report Q174)。  new window
學位論文
1.張銘晃(2010)。智慧財產權事件之國際裁判管轄(博士論文)。國立中正大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.林益山(200909)。國際私法與實例解說。瑞興圖書。  延伸查詢new window
2.張銘晃(2011)。侵權行爲事件之國際裁判管轄權研究。台灣台南地方法院。  延伸查詢new window
3.葉玫好(2012)。智慧的財産？瞭解智慧財產權。元照。  延伸查詢new window
4.Nelson, Jon O.(2007)。International Patent Treaties。  new window
5.Schuster, Remnardt(2003)。Transnational Effects of Patents。London：Patent World。  new window
6.陳純一(2000)。國家豁免問題之研究--兼論美國的立場與實踐。臺北市：三民書局。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.蕭雄淋(2007)。著作權法論。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
8.劉國讚(201208)。專利法之理論與實用。元照。  延伸查詢new window
9.劉鐵錚(1991)。瑞士新國際私法之研究。臺北：三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
10.劉鐵錚、陳榮傳(2010)。國際私法論。三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
11.黃裕凱(20130000)。國際私法。臺北：五南。new window  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.1970年建立之專利國際公約，其可提供締約國共通之專利申請機制，http://www.wipo.int/pct/en， 2015/03/16。  延伸查詢new window
2.(2009)。2009年專利間接侵權國際研討會綜合座談(一)紀要，http://www.tipo.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=203040&ctNode=6704&mp=1， 2015/03/16。  延伸查詢new window
3.America Law Institute(2008)。INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: PRINCIPLES GOVERNING JURISDICTION, CHOICE OF LAW, AND JUDGMENTS IN, TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTES，http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7687， 2015/03/16。  new window
4.(1998)。Agreement Among the Government of Canada, Governments of Member States of the European Space Agency, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station, Jan 29, 1998, 1998 U. S. T. LEXIS 212，http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/107683.pdf， 2015/03/16。  new window
5.(2004)。Intellectual Property and Space Activities，The International Bureau of WIPO。，http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/patent-law/en/developments/pdf/ip_space.pdfat11， 2015/03/16。  new window
6.Kohler, Martin，Reimann Osterrieth Kohler Haft(2007)。AIPLA-IP Practice in Europe Committee: New Trends in Contributory Infringement，http://www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Speaker_Papers/Annual_Meeting_Speaker_Paoers/200717/kohler-martm-slides.pdi.， 2015/03/16。  new window
7.Max Planck Group on Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property。Principles on Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property，http://www.cl-ip.eu/en/pub/home.cfm， 2015/03/16。  new window
8.Patents: Commitment to Innovation, Acclarent，http://www.acclarent.com/company/patents/， 2015/03/16。  new window
圖書論文
1.許耀明(2009)。國際智慧財産訴訟之國際管轄權決定、準據法選擇與法律適用之問題。國際私法新議題與歐盟國際私法。元照。  延伸查詢new window
2.曾陳明汝(1996)。智慧財産權之國際私法問題(二)--論涉外物權制度暨智財權之準據法。國際私法原理續集--衝突法論。臺灣大學出版。  延伸查詢new window
3.曾陳明汝(1994)。論美國專利制度近十餘年來之變革。專利商標法選論。三民。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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