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題名:生育旅遊的國界管理:赴美待產女性的國界規訓經驗
書刊名:女學學誌:婦女與性別研究
作者:康庭瑜
作者(外文):Kang, Tingyu
出版日期:2016
卷期:38
頁次:頁171-207
主題關鍵詞:生育旅遊國際遷移新自由主義性別身體懷孕Birth tourismNeoliberalismBorder managementPregnancyMigrationGender
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 共同引用共同引用:42
  • 點閱點閱:113
本文聚焦於台灣赴美生育旅遊,分析目的地國在出入境口的國界管理如何規範日漸盛行的跨國生育旅行,而從事跨國生育的女人又如何理解和回應這些國界規訓。本研究訪談美國國界管理者並分析相關的次級資料,包括國界管理者的受訪資料、聲明稿、政策和法規文件,以了解國界管理的政策、法律和執行;同時,本研究也與台灣赴美生育旅遊的女性進行訪談,探問她們受到國界規範的經驗。這些研究資料指出,對於生育旅遊,目的地國在出入境口的國界管理是非常新自由主義式的,即,若是你經濟自主且資本累積能力高,則國界歡迎你進來。這種新自由主義的國界邏輯看似以性別中立的語言寫成,實則有其性別面向:女人的生殖性被標誌為國家的財務風險。這些跨國生育旅遊的女人被出入境口國界管理者依年齡、婚姻狀態等分類檢查其生殖可能,高生殖可能者再依資本能力分類檢視,篩檢出好的生殖性和壞的生殖性。這個高度浮動的分類實踐,在赴美生育女性當中建構出一種特殊的法律地位主體意識,亦即指認自己的法律地位是浮動的。這種模糊的法律地位主體意識有幾種特徵:第一,它是一種高度身體化的主體意識;第二,它也是階級化的主體意識;第三,它有時也是種族化的主體意識。
This article focuses on the context of birth tourism from Taiwan to the United States, analyzing how border regulators manage this increasingly popular phenomenon and how birth tourists experience and react to the regulations. The methods are twofold. Firstly, this research is based on interviews with border regulators and the analysis of relevant secondary materials to obtain information regarding how border regulators manage birth tourism. The analysis of secondary data mainly focuses on policy papers, public talks, and press releases by officers at Custom and Border Protection. Secondly, this study is also based on interviews with birth tourists which inquire into their experiences of border regulations. The findings suggest the regulation of birth tourism is largely governed by a neoliberal logic. That is, only financially autonomous and economically competent transnationals are considered qualified for entry. This seemingly gender-neutral border principal is in fact highly gendered, as women's reproduction is viewed as a financial threat to borders. Border regulators regularly scrutinize women's reproductive status and categorize them into "good pregnancy" and "bad pregnancy" according to their financial competence. This constructs an embodied subjectivity among the women that surrounds their vague and volatile legal status, leading to their constant self-surveillance of their own reproductive bodies. The process through which the women build a perception of their own legal status is racialized and classed. They construct birth tourists from other national and class backgrounds as a racial and economic Other to draw boundaries between themselves as the legitimate visitors and the have-nots as the outlawed, unwelcomed "black sheep" in the ever expanding flow of birth tourism.
期刊論文
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3.Lan, Pei-chia(2008)。New Global Politics of Reproductive Labor: Gendered Labor and Marriage Migration。Sociology Compass,2(6),1801-1815。  new window
4.Waters, J. L.(2002)。Flexible families? "Astronaut" households and the experiences of lone mothers in Vancouver, British Columbia。Social and Cultural Geography,3(2),118-134。  new window
5.Chavez, L. R.(2007)。The condition of illegality。International Migration,45(3),192-196。  new window
6.De Genova, N.(2002)。Migrant "illegality" and deportability in everyday life。Annual Review of Anthropology,31,419-447。  new window
7.Fanning, B.、Mutwarasibo, F.(2007)。Nationals/non-nationals: Immigration, citizenship and politics in the Republic of Ireland。Ethnic and Racial Studies,30(3),439-460。  new window
8.Gonzales, R. G.(2011)。Learning to be illegal: Undocumented youth and shifting legal contexts in the transition to adulthood。American Sociological Review,76(4),602-619。  new window
9.Gonzales, R. G.、Chavez, L. R.(2012)。"Awakening to a nightmare": Abjectivity and illegality in the lives of undocumented 1.5-generation Latino immigrants in the United States。Current Anthropology,53(3),255-281。  new window
10.Harrington, J. A.(2005)。Citizenship and the biopolitics of post-nationalist Ireland。Journal of Law and Society,32(3),424-449。  new window
11.Hiemstra, N.(2010)。Immigrant "Illegality" as Neoliberal Governmentality in Leadville, Colorado。Antipode,42(1),74-102。  new window
12.Huang, P.(2008)。Anchor babies, over-breeders, and the population bomb: The reemergence of nativism and population control in anti-immigration policies。Harvard Law and Policy Review,2,385-406。  new window
13.Ignatow, G.、Willaims, A. T.(2011)。New media and the "anchor baby" boom。Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,17(1),60-76。  new window
14.Lonergan, G.(2015)。Migrant women and social reproduction under austerity。Feminist Review,109(1),124-145。  new window
15.Mullally, S.(2005)。Debating reproductive rights in Ireland。Human Rights Quarterly,27(1),78-104。  new window
16.Tormey, A.(2007)。"Everyone with eyes can see the problem": Moral citizen and the space of Irish nationhood。International Migration,45(3),69-100。  new window
17.Varsanyi, M. W.(2008)。Rescaling the "alien", rescaled personhood: Neoliberalism, immigration and the state。Annals of the Association of American Geographers,98(4),877-896。  new window
18.Varsanyi, M. W.、Nevins J.(2007)。Introduction: Borderline contradictions: Neoliberalism, unauthorized migration, and intensifying immigration policing。Geopolitics,12(2),223-227。  new window
19.Willen, S.(2007)。Towards a critical phenomenology of "illegality": State power, criminalization, and abjectivity among undocumented migrant workers in Tel Aviv, Israel。International Migration,45(3),8-36。  new window
20.曾嬿芬(20060300)。誰可以打開國界的門?--移民政策的階級主義。臺灣社會研究,61,73-107。new window  延伸查詢new window
21.Lan, P.(2008)。Migrant women's bodies as boundary markers: Reproductive crisis and sexual control in the new ethnic frontiers of Taiwan。Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,33(4),833-861。  new window
22.黃宗儀、胡俊佳、賴彥甫(20140600)。從人口政策到排他論述︰內地孕婦赴港分娩與出生公民權的文化政治。臺灣社會研究季刊,95,179-220。new window  延伸查詢new window
會議論文
1.Kang, T.(201508)。Policing reproductive bodies: The moral panics and border management of birth tourism in the US。The 12th Conference of the European Sociological Association,(會議日期: August 25-28)。Prague, Czech Republic。  new window
圖書
1.Rose, Nikolas(1999)。Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought。Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann(2002)。Birthing the nation: Strategies of Palestinian women in Israel。Berkeley:University of California Press。  new window
3.Foucault, Michel、Bertani, Mauro、Fontana, Alessandro、Macey, D.(2003)。Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France 1975-1976。New York:Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
4.McClintock, Anne(1995)。Imperial leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest。Routledge。  new window
5.Ong, Aihwa(1999)。Flexible citizenship: the cultural logics of transnationality。Durham:Duke University Press。  new window
6.Ong, Aihwa(2006)。Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty。Duke University Press。  new window
7.Stoler, Ann Laura(1995)。Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things。Durham, NC:Duke University Press。  new window
8.Yuval-Davis, Nira(1997)。Gender and Nation。Sage。  new window
其他
1.自由時報(20151018)。部落客自爆:懷孕35週闖美,讓小孩變「美國公民」,http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1479298, 2016/07/08。  延伸查詢new window
2.自由時報(20151018)。扯!闖關美國生子還教戰躲海關「穿搭術」,http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1479519, 2016/07/08。  延伸查詢new window
3.邱瓊平(20151019)。機上生產一場騙局?恐傷台灣形象,http://udn.com/news/story/8845/1258385-%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%AB%99%EF%BC%8F%E6%A9%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%80%E5%A0%B4%E9%A8%99%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%9F%E6%81%90%E5%82%B7%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%BD%A2%E8%B1%A1, 2016/07/08。  new window
4.聯合報(20151019)。這些國家不承認雙重國籍,為何台灣不禁止,http://udn.com/news/story/8845/1258397-%E9%80%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%8D%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D-%E7%82%BA%E5%95%A5%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%8D%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%EF%BC%9F, 2016/07/08。  new window
5.Chang, C.(20130103)。In suburbs of LA, a cottage of birth tourism,http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/03/local/la-me-birthing-centers-20130104, 2016/07/08。  new window
6.Customs and Border Protection(2013)。Visit the US while pregnant and the risks involved,https://help.cbp.gov/app/answers/detail/a_id/882/~/visit-the-u.s.-while-pregnant-and-the-risks-involved, 2015/08/03。  new window
7.Davies, K.,Boyle, L.(20130314)。"Maternity hotel" for Chinese women to give birth to US citizens "is found in the back of California hotel",http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2293025/Maternity-hotel-allowing-Chinese-women-birth-U-S-citizens-claimed-operating-popular-Califomia-motel.html, 2016/07/08。  new window
8.Johanso, M.(20130130)。Birth tourism: LA's "maternity hotels" enrage residents, but are they illegal?,http://www.ibtimes.com/birth-tourism-las-maternity-hotels-enrage-residents-are-they-illegal-1050206, 2016/07/08。  new window
9.Medin, J.(20110328)。Arriving as pregnant tourists, leaving with American babies,http://www.nytimes.com/201l/03/29/us/29babies.html?_r=0, 2016/07/08。  new window
10.Not in Chino Hills(2016)。Sample letter to senators,http://www.notinchinohills.org/sample_letter_to_senators, 2016/07/08。  new window
11.United Nations(2009)。Report of the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women。  new window
圖書論文
1.Chee, M. W. L.(2003)。Migrating for the children: Taiwanese American women in transnational families。Wife or worker? Asian women and migration。Lanham:Rowman and Littlefield。  new window
2.Collins, H. P.(2004)。Producing mothers of the nation: Race, class and contemporary U.S. population politics。Women, citizenship, and difference。New York:Zed Books。  new window
3.Sparke, M.(2004)。Passports into credit cards: On the borders and spaces of neoliberal citizenship。Boundaries and belonging。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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