Ethnic Resources as Forms of Social Capital: A Study on Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Los Angeles_

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題名：	Ethnic Resources as Forms of Social Capital: A Study on Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Los Angeles
書刊名：	臺灣社會學研究
作者：	曾嬿芬
作者(外文)：	Tseng, Yen-fen
出版日期：	1997
卷期：	1
頁次：	頁169-205
主題關鍵詞：	創業過程；族群資源；社會資本；華人企業；Immigrant entrepreneurship；Ethnic resources；Social capital；Chinese enterprises
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(6) 博士論文(0) 專書(2) 專書論文(3) 排除自我引用:6 共同引用:0 點閱:57

　　　　　在美國，某些移民社群比如韓裔、華裔、古巴裔比一般人有較高的創業率，這種現象一直是研究移民學者的主要興趣之一，這些研究企圖瞭解為什麼創業傾向因不同移民族群而異，以及為什麼這些新移民可以很快地在一個陌生的國度中創業。目前許多的研究證據指出移民的創業過程相當程度受惠於蘊藏在移民社區中的“族群資源”，本研究即是立基於此，企圖以對華人移民企業的研究來分析族群內部的結構性資源以及它們如何被運用以利於創業的過程，研究結果顯示移民企業的產生並非只是個別企業家的成就，也是移民族群的集體創作，本文嘗試將這樣的探討關連到經濟社會學晚近發展的概念如結構的鑲嵌性以及社會資本，以進一步結合經濟社會學與移民社會學的研究領域。正當目前經濟社會學領域重新得到學界對其理論與概念的重視，它的進一步發展也因與其他領域相關日益密切而得到活力，移民的社會學研究即為此相關領域之一，其中移民創業過程的研究尤其為所謂的“新經濟社會學”概念與假設的發展提供許多經驗素材。

以文找文

　　　　　The higher rate of self-employment relative to the general population of the US among such immigrant groups as the Chinese, Cubans, and Koreans has been a major main research focus of specialists in immigrant communities. Researchers of immigrant entrepreneurship have been interested in explaining why certain immigrant groups have outperformed others in self-employment and why these newcomers have been capable of establishing an independent enterprise, often within a short period of time after their arrival in a foreign country. Subsequent research has shown that ethnic resources embedded in the immigrant community facilitate the process of entrepreneurship. Contributing to this research tradition, this paper adopts a recently developed approach relating the immigrant entrepreneurship to such important concepts in economic sociology as "social capital" and "structural embeddedness" to study Chinese immigrant entrepreneurship in Los Angeles. Evidence from this study supports the argument that an immigrant enterprise is not an exclusive product of individual achievement, but also one deeply embedded in the ethnic community.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Chan, Janet B. L.、Cheung, Yuet-wah(1985)。Ethnic Resources and Business Enterprise: A Study of Chinese Business in Toronto。Human Organization，44(2)，142-153。
2.	Leibenstein, H.(1968)。Entrepreneurship and Development。American Economic Review，58，72-83。
3.	Aldrich, Howard E.、Waldinger, Roger(1990)。Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship。Annual Review of Sociology，16，111-135。
4.	Light, Ivan(1984)。Immigrant And Ethnic Enterprise In North America。Ethnic and Racial Studies，7，195-216。
5.	Waldinger, Roger、Tseng, Yen-Fen(1992)。Divergent Diasporas: The Chinese Communities of New York and Los Angeles Compared。Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales，8(3)，91-115。
6.	Burgess, E. W.(1923)。The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project。Proceedings of the American Sociological Society，18。
7.	Hodge, Robert W.、Hodge, Patricia(1965)。Occupational Assimilation as a Comparative Process。American Sociological Review，47，727-739。
8.	Kim, Kwang Chung、Hurh, Won Moo(1985)。Ethnic Resources Utilization of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Chicago Minority Area。International Migration Review，19(1)，82-111。
9.	Light, Ivan(1979)。Disadvantaged Minorities in Self-Employment。International Journal of Comparative Sociology，20(1/2)，31-45。
10.	Light, Ivan、Bozorgmehr, Mehdi、Der Martirosian, Claudia(1994)。Beyond the Ethnic Enclave Economy。Social Problems，4(1)，601-616。
11.	Mitchell, K.。Flexible Circulation in the Pacific Rim: Capitalism in Cultural Context。Economic Geography。
12.	Portes, Alejandro、Zhou, Min(1992)。Gaining the Upper Hand: Old and New Perspectives in the Study of Ethnic Minorities。Ethnic and Racial Studies，15，491-522。
13.	Razin, Eran(1988)。Entrepreneurship Among Foreign Immigrants in the Los Angeles and San Francisco Metropolitan Regions。Urban Geography，9(3)，283-301。
14.	Semyonov, Moshe(1981)。The Effect of Community on Status Attainment。Sociological Quarterly，22，359-372。
15.	Song, Jung-Ming(1992)。Chinese Banks in Los Angeles。Excellence Magazine，1992(Mar.)，10-22。
16.	Thompson, Richard H.(1979)。Ethnicity vs. Class: Analysis of Conflict in a North American Chinese Community。Ethnicity，6，306-326。
17.	Tseng, Yen-Fen(1994)。Chinese Ethnic Economy: San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County。Journal of Urban Affairs，16(2)，169-189。
18.	Tseng, Yen-Fen(1995)。'Little Taipei' and Beyond: The Development of Taiwanese Immigrant Businesses in Los Angeles。International Migration Review，29，33-58。
19.	Wong, Bernard(1987)。The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises: a Study of Chinese Garment Factories in New York City。Human Organization，46，120-130。
20.	Portes, Alejandro、Sensenbrenner, Julia(1993)。Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action。American Journal of Sociology，98(6)，1320-1350。
21.	Sanders, Jimy M.、Nee, Victor(1996)。Immigrant Self-Employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital。American Sociological Review，61(2)，231-249。
22.	Granovetter, Mark S.(1985)。Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness。American Journal of Sociology，91(3)，481-510。

會議論文
1.	Pollard, J.(1995)。Banking at the Margins: A Geography of Financial Exclusion in Los Angeles。The Association of American Geographers。Chicago。
2.	Tseng, Yen-Fen(1993)。Chinese Ethnic Enterprises in Los Angeles。American Sociological Association Annual Meeting，(會議日期: 1993/08/12-08/16)。Miami Beach。

學位論文
1.	Zhou, Yu(1995)。Ethnic Networks as Transactional Networks(博士論文)。University of Minnesota。

圖書
1.	Kim, Illsoo(1981)。New Urban Immigrants: The Korean Community in New York。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
2.	Portes, Alejandro、Srepick, Richard(1993)。City on the Edge。Berkeley：University of California Press。
3.	Zhou, Min(1992)。Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave。Philadelphia, PA：Temple University Press。
4.	U. S. Department of Commerce(1980)。Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.: Completed Transactions。Washington, DC：USGPO。
5.	Asia Media System Inc.(1984)。Chinese Business Directory。Los Angeles：Monterey Park。
6.	Bonacich, Edna、Modell, John(1980)。The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese-American Community。University of California Press。
7.	Chen, Hsiang-shui(1992)。Chinatown No More。Itheca：Cornell University Press。
8.	Fong, Timothy(1994)。The First Suburban Chinatown。Philadelphia：Temple University Press。
9.	Friedland, Roger、Robertson, A. F.。Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society。New York：Aldin de Gruyter。
10.	Goldberg, Michael A.(1985)。The Chinese Connection。Vancouver：University of British Columbia Press。
11.	Liberson, Stanley(1963)。Ethnic Patterns in American Cities。New York：Free Press。
12.	Light, Ivan、Bonacich, Edna(1988)。Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles 1965-1982。Berkeley：University of California Press。
13.	Min, Pyong-Gap(1988)。Ethnic Business Enterprise: Korean Small Business in Atlanta。Staten Island, NY：Center for Migration Studies。
14.	Portes, Alejandro、Bach, Robert(1985)。Latin Journey。Berkeley：University of California Press。
15.	Scott, Allen John(1993)。Technopolis: High-Technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California。Berkeley：University of California Press。
16.	U. S. Bureau of the Census(1987)。1982 Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises: Asian Americans, American Indians, and Others。Washington, DC：USGPO。
17.	U. S. Bureau of the Census(1991)。Census of Population and Housing。Washington, DC：USGPO。
18.	U. S. Bureau of the Census(1992)。1987 Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises: Asian Americans, American Indians, and Others。Washington, DC：USGPO。
19.	U. S. Bureau of the Census(1992)。1987 Business Owners Survey。Washington, DC：USGPO。
20.	U. S. Department of Commerce(1987)。County Business Pattern。Washington, DC：USGPO。
21.	Portes, Alejandro(1995)。The economic sociology of immigration: essays on networks, ethnicity, and entrepreneurship。New York：Russell Sage Foundation。
22.	Light, Ivan(1972)。Ethnic enterprise in America: Business and welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks。University of California Press。
23.	Gordon, Milton Myron(1964)。Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins。Oxford University Press。
24.	Borjas, George J.(1990)。Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy。New York, N.Y.：Basic Books。

單篇論文
1.	Min, Pyong-Gap(1993)。Ethnic Business and Ethnic Solidarity: Korean Immigrants in New York。

圖書論文
1.	Arrow, Kenneth(1990)。Interview。Economics and Sociology。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
2.	Granovetter, Mark(1990)。Old and New Economic Sociology。Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society。New York：Aldin de Gruyter。
3.	Landa, T. Janet(1991)。Culture and Entrepreneurship in Less-Developed Countries: Ethnic Trading Networks as Economic Organizations。The Culture of Entrepreneurship。San Francisco：ICS Press。
4.	Light, Ivan、Karageorgis, Stavoras(1995)。Ethnic Economy。Handbook for Economic Sociology。New York：Russell Sage Foundation。
5.	Roth, Guenther(1978)。[Economy and Society] Introduction。Economy and Society。Berkeley：University of California Press。
6.	Waldinger, Roger、Aldrich, Howard、Ward, Robin(1990)。Opportunities, Group Characteristics, and Strategies。Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies。Beverly Hills, CA：Sage。

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