本文基于2003—2013為期11年的跟蹤調研,使用涵蓋9個省份共1 497個樣本農戶的數據,多維度實證檢驗了中國林業公共政策對林業生態經濟發展的政策效應,并測算了各項政策的貢獻度。結果表明:(1)對于以個體農戶林地面積為主要指標的林業生態效應,本文考察的公共政策都有顯著的正向貢獻,其貢獻度大小依次是:產權政策35.53%,管制政策8.63%,財政政策8.21%。具體到細分措施,造林補貼主要針對生態林有最為顯著的效果;而對于商品林,撫育補貼、集體林權改革、林木資源管制政策的效果更為明顯。(2)對于林業生態經濟協調發展,林業公共政策也具有明顯的正向作用,不過各政策貢獻度大小排序與其對生態效應不同:產權政策5.14%,財政政策0.83%,管制政策0.16%。細化來說,林地流轉、林木采伐指標限額和造林補貼政策是效果最為顯著的前三項。(3)不同省區由于所處區位差異、資源稟賦差異、環境水平和經濟發展水平高低的差異,各項林業公共政策在各地區的貢獻度也不盡相同。對于林業生態發展,產權政策貢獻度最高的是山東省43.82%,財政政策貢獻度最高的是遼寧省13.63%,管制政策貢獻度最高的是福建省11.66%;而對于林業生態經濟發展,福建省的產權政策貢獻度最高,達到10.06%,財政政策和管制政策貢獻度最高的均是湖南省,分別為1.8%和0.87%。本文的政策含義是,宜采用因地制宜方針設計各地區林業公共政策的優選方案,激發商品林的生態功能,培育生態林的經濟功能。深化集體林權制度改革,實行造林補貼普惠制,增加撫育補貼中用材林的比例,創新采伐管理方式。

Using the survey data of 1 497 households in 9 provincesfrom 2003 to 2013,this paper estimated the effects of public forestry policies on forestry ecological economic development and calculated their marginal contribution degree.The empirical study showed that(1)for the forestry ecological development,public forestry policies had significant positive contributions,and their respective contribution degrees were 35.53%(property rights reform),8.63%(direct restraint) and 8.21%(fiscal policy).In terms of individual measures,afforestation subsidy had the most significant effect for ecological forestry; as for the commercial forest,the policy effect of tending subsidies,collective forest rights reform and forest resource control was more obvious.(2)For the forestry ecological economy development,public policies also played a positive role,but their ranking of contribution degreewas slightly different,5.14%(property rights reform),0.83%(fiscal policy),and 0.16%(direct restraint).In the detail,policies of land circulation,cutting quota and afforestation subsidy were the top 3 with positive effects.(3)The contribution of different public forestry policies in different regions was distinguished due to the differentiationon locations,resource endowments,environmental preservation and economic development.For forestry ecological development,the highest contribution of property rights regulation was in Shandong,which was 43.82%,the highest contribution rate of fiscal policy was in Liaoning,which was 13.63%,and the highest contribution of direct restraint was 11.66% in Fujian.For forestry ecological economic development,the highest contribution of property rights policywas in Fujian,reaching 10.06%,and the highest contributions of fiscal policy and direct restraint were both in Hunan,which were 1.8% and 0.87% respectively.Finally,it put forward following suggestions that optimal choices of public forestry policies should be decided according toregional conditions,on the purpose of stimulating the ecological function of commercial forestry,and cultivating the economic efficiency of ecological forestry.Policy makers should consider following perspectives including reforming collective forest rights,enlarging the afforestation subsidy receiving group,increasing the proportion of timber forest among those with intending subsidy,and improving the flexibility of logging control are effective in practice.