基于2015年底北京市空巢家庭調查數據考察"全面兩孩"政策背景下空巢老年人對子女生育二孩的態度，結果表明:空巢老年人的政策知曉率極高，支持、反對和不干涉子女生育二孩的各占約1/3;一旦子女生育二孩，近七成空巢老年人愿意提供物質或勞務支持;養老等功利性目的并非希望子女生育二孩的首要原因，經濟負擔、健康顧慮和照料匱乏是阻礙子女生育二孩的主要因素。利用二元logistic模型考察影響因素，與子女關系好、身體健康、有配偶等因素會顯著提高老年人對子女生育二孩的支持概率，而養老觀念開放、受教育程度高和空巢時間長等因素則會顯著降低支持概率。空巢老年人的性別、年齡、經濟水平、養老選擇等因素對因變量沒有顯著影響。

This study aims at investigating parenthood attitude toward adult children’s second birth under the "two-child"policy based on the Beijing Empty Nest Family Survey in 2015.The survey shows that the elderly present high awareness rate of the "two-child"policy; old parents who support,oppose to,or hold the idea of non-interference to their married children’s second birth account for one third respectively; almost 70% of the elderly would support their adult children’s second birth through economic assistance or child care; utilitarian purposes,such as old age care,are no longer primary reasons for second birth; economic cost,concern about mothers’ or baby’s health and lack of child care resources become the top three factors preventing second birth.Having a good relationship with adult children,good health condition and being currently married have a significantly positive effect on parenthood supportive attitudes toward adult children’s second birth; open-minded idea on endowment,education and duration of the empty nest period significantly reduce the probability of the elderly to support children’s second birth; and no significant effect is found with gender,age,economic condition and preferable place for old age life.