壹、網路資料
CIA : The World Factbook (http://www.odci.gov/cia/ publications/ factbook/)
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (http://www.umich.edu/~nes/ cses/cses.htm/)
Constitution Finder (http://www.urich.edu/~jpjones/ confinder/)
Election (http://dir.yahoo.com/Government/Politics/ Elections/)
Election Around the World (http//www.agora.stm.it/ elections/election/)
Freedom House (http://www. freesdomhouse.org/)
Lijphart Elections Archive (http:/Dodson.ucsd.edu/lij)
Parties on the web (http://www.agora.stm.it/ elections/parties.htm)
The Zárate's Political Collections (http://www.terra. es/personal2/monolith/)
貳、中文資料
王業立 1999a 比較選舉制度。二版二刷。台北：五南圖書股份有限公司。
王業立 1999b 「立委選舉制度改革之探討」。理論與政策。第五十期。頁143-159。中央通訊社 2000 二○○○年世界年鑑。台北：中央通訊社。
韋洪武 1995 「多黨競爭與多數統治：一個不同意見」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。黃德北 1995 「政治制度、政黨聯合與政府組成：英國聯合政府組成之研究」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。
楊日青 1995 「我國可能之聯合政府：第三屆立委選後的蠡測」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。
雷飛龍譯 2000 政黨與政黨制度。台北：韋伯文化事業出版社。
雷競璇 1991 政黨概論。香港：青文文化公司。
國民大會秘書處 1996 新編世界各國憲法大全。第一、二、三冊。台北：國民大會秘書處。
陳坤森 1995 「多元社會的政府組合：比利時聯合內閣的分析」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。
陳坤森譯 1999 當代民主類型與政治。初版五刷。台北：桂冠圖書有限公司。
鄒篤麒 1985 政治聯合理論：內閣制國家政府聯合之分析。國立政治大學政治研究所碩士論交。
鄒篤麒 1995 「聯合政府成立之研究」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。謝復生 1982 「協和式民主政治理論之檢討」。政治學報。第十期。頁61-82。謝復生 1983 「多元分歧的社會與穩定的民主政治」。政治學報。第十一期。頁119-223。
謝復生 1990 民意、制衡與效率。台北：敦煌書局。
謝復生 1991 政黨比例代表制。台北：理論與政策雜誌社。謝復生 1995 「聯合內閣、少數黨內閣與憲政運作」。聯合政府學術研討會。台北：國立政治大學政治學系。羅孟浩 1958 論責任內閣制。台北：中華文化出版事業委員會。
參、英文資料
Almond, G. A. 1956. “Comparative Political Systems,” Journal of Politics. 18: 391-409.
Alston, L. J., Eggertsson, T. and North, D. C. eds 1996. Empirical Studies in Institutional Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alt, J. E. and King, G. 1994. “Transfers of Governmental Power: The Meaning of Time Dependence.” Comparative Political Studies. 27: 190-210.
Alt, J. E. and Alesina, A. 1996. “Political Economy: An Overview.” in Goodin, R. E. and Klingmann, H. eds. A New Handbook of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Alum, P. 1995. State and Society in Western Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Anderson, C. J. 1995. “The Dynamics of Public Support for Coalition Governments.” Comparative Political Studies.28: 350-383.
Apter, D. E. 1977. Introduction to Political Analysis. Cambridge: Winthrope Publishers, Inc.
Austen-Smith, D. and Banks, J. 1988. “Elections, Coalitions, and Legislative Out-comes.” American Political Science Review. 82: 405-422.
Austen-Smith, D. and Banks, J. 1990. “Stable Governments and the Allocation of Policy Portfolios.” American Political Science Review. 82: 405-422.
Axelrod, R. 1970. Conflict of Interest: A Theory of Divergent Goals with Applications to Politics. Chicago: Markham.
Baaklini, A. I. and Desfosses, H. eds. 1997. Designs For Democratic Stability. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Ball, A. R. and Peters, B. G. 2000. Modern Politics and Government, 6th ed., London: Macmillan.
Banks, A. S. and Muller, T. C. ed. 1997. Political Handbook of the World: 1997. New York: CSA Publications.
Banks, A. S. and Muller, T. C. ed. 1999. Political Handbook of the World: 1999. New York: CSA Publications.
Baradat, Leon P. 1997. Political Ideologies: Their Origins and Impact, 6th ed. NJ: Pren-tice Hall.
Baron, D. P. 1991. “A Spatial Bargaining Theory of Government Formation in Parlia-mentary System.” American Political Science Review. 85: 137-164.
Baron, D. P. 1993. “Government Formation and Endogenous Parties.” American Politi-cal Science Review. 87: 34-47.
Barker and McLeay. 2000. “How Much Change?” Party Politics. 6: 131-154.
Baron, D. P. and Ferejohn, J. A. 1989. “Bargaining in Legislatures.” American Political Science Review. 83: 1181-1206.
Bartolini, S. 1998 “Coalition Potential and Governmental Power” in Pennings, P. and Lane, J. eds Comparative Party System. Change. London: Routledge.
Bartolini, S. and Mair, P. 1990. “Policy Competition, Spatial Distance and Electoral In-stability.” Western European Politics. 13: 1-16.
Baylis, T. A. 1989. Governing By Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Society. New York: State University of New York Press.
Bergman, T. 1993. “Formation Rules and Minority Governments.” European Journal of Political Research. 23: 55-66.
Bierman, H. S. and Fernandez, L. 1993. Game Theory with Economic Applications. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Binmmore, K. 1990. Essays on the Foundations of Game Theory. Cambridge: Basil Blackball Inc.
Blais, A., Blake, D. and Dion, S. 1993. “Do Parties Make a Difference? Parties and the Size of Government in Liberal Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science. 37: 40-62.
Blais A. and Carty, R. K. 1987. “The Impact of Electoral Formulae on the Creation of Majority Governments.” Electoral Studies. 6: 209-218.
Blais, André and Massicotte, Louis. 1997 “Electoral Formulas: A Macroscopic Perspec-tive,” European Journal of Political Research, 32: 107-129.
Blondel, J. 1968. “Party Systems and Patterns of Government in Western Democracies.” Canadian Journal of Political Science. 1: 180-203.
Blondel, J. and Muller-Rommel, F. eds. 1988. Cabinets in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.
Blondel, J. and Muller-Rommel, F. eds. 1993. Governing Together. London: St. Martin’s Press.
Bogdanor, V. 1981. The People and the Party System. Cambridge : Cambridge Univer-sity Press.
Bogdanor, V. and Butler, D. 1983. Democracy and Elections: Electoral Systems and Their Political Consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bogdanor, V. ed. 1983. Coalition Government in Western Europe. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Bogdanor, V. 1995. The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boute, S. 1981. “ On De Swaan‘s Policy Distance Coalition Theory.” European Journal of Political Research. 9: 313-320.
Brams, S. J. 1975. Game Theory and Politics. New York: The Free Press.
Brams, S. J. 1976. Paradoxes in Politics: An Introduction to the Nonobvious in Political Science. New York: The Free Press.
Brams, S. J. 1985. Rational Politics: Decisions, Games, and Strategy. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
Brams, S. J. and Fishburn, P. C. 1983. Approval Voting. Boston: Birkhauser.
Brams, S. J. and Fishburn, P. C. 1995. “When is Size a Liability? Bargaining Power in Minimal Winning Coalitions.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 301-316.
Brams, S. J. and Garriga-Pico, J. E. 1975 “Bandwagons in Coalition Formation: The 2/3‘s Rule.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 472-496.
Brechtel, T. and Kaiser, A. 1999. “Party System and Coalition Formation in Post-Reform New Zealand.” Political Science. 51: 3-26.
Brennan, G. and Lomasky, L. 1993. Democracy and Decision: The Pure Theory of Elec-toral Preference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Broeck, J. V. D. ed. 1988. Public Choice. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academics Publishers.
Broughton, D. and Donovan, M. eds. 1999. Changing Party Systems in Western Europe. London: Pinter.
Browne E. C. 1971. “Testing Theories of Coalition Formation in the European Context.” Comparative Political Studies. 3: 391-412.
Browne, E. C. 1973. Coalition Theories: A Logical and Empirical Critique. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications.
Browne, E. and Dreijmanis, J. ed. 1982. Government Coalitions in Western Democracies. London: Longman.
Browne, E., Fendreis, J. 1980. “Allocating Coalition Payoffs by Conventional Norm: An Assessment of Evidence from Cabinet Coalition Situations.” American Journal of Po-litical Science. 24: 753-768.
Browne, E. and Feste, K. A. 1975. “Qualitative Dimensions of Coalition Payoffs.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 530-556.
Browne, E. and Feste, K. A. 1978. “Scaling Ministerial Payoffs in European Governing Coalitions.” American Behavioral Scientist. 11: 398-408.
Browne, E. and Franklin, M. 1973. “Aspects of Coalition Payoffs in European Parlia-mentary Democracies.” American Political Science Review. 67: 453-464.
Browne, E. and Franklin, M. 1986. “Editors’ Introduction: New Directions in Coalition Research.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 469-483.
Browne, E. and Rice, P. 1979 “A Barganing Theory of Coalition Formation.” British Journal of Political Science. 9: 67-87.
Browne, E., Frendreis, J. and Gleiber, D. 1984. “An Events Approach to the Problem of Cabinet Stability.” Comparative Political Studies. 17: 167-197.
Browne, E., Frendreis, J. and Gleiber, D. 1986. “The Process Cabinet Dissolution: An Exponential Model of Duration and Stability in Western Democracies.” American Journal Political Science. 30: 628-650.
Browne, E., Frendreis, J. and Gleiber, D. 1988. “Contending Models of Cabinet Stabil-ity.” American Political Science Review. 82: 923-930.
Browne, E., Gleiber, D. and Frendreis, J. 1988. “Evaluating Conflict of Interest Theory: Western European Cabinet Coalitions, 1945-80.” British Journal of Political Science. 14: 1-32.
Bryce, J. 1921. Modern Democracies. Vol. 2. New York: The Macmillan.
Budge, I. 1984. “Parties and Democratic Government: A Frame for Comparative Expla-nation.” Western European Politics. 7: 97-118.
Budge, I. 1985. “Party Factions and Government Reshuffles.” European Journal of Po-litical Research. 13: 327-334.
Budge, I. 1993. “Rational Choice as Comparative Theory: Beyond Economic Self Inter-est.” In Keman, H. Comparative Politics: New Directions in Theory and Method. Amsterdam:VU University Press.
Budge, I. 1994. “A New Spatial Theory of Party Competition: Uncertainty, Ideology and Policy Equilibria Viewed Comparatively and Temporally.” British Journal of Political Science. 24: 443-467.
Budge, I. and Herman, V. H. 1978. “Coalitions and Government Formation.” British Journal of Political Science. 8:459-477.
Budge, I. and Keman, H. 1990. Parties and Democracy: Coalitions Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. 1986a. “Office Seeking and Policy Pursuit in Coalition The-ory.” Legislative Scientific Quarterly. 11: 484-506.
Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. 1986b. “Policy, Ideology and Party Distance: Analysis of Election Programs in 19 Democracies.” Legislative Scientific Quarterly. 11: 607-617.
Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. 1993. “The Policy Basis of Government Coalitions. ” British Journal of Political Science. 23: 499-519.
Budge, I. And Mckay, D. eds 1994. Developing Democracy. London: Sage Publications.
Budge, I., Robertson, D. and Hearl, D. eds 1987. Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bulter, D. ed. 1978 Coalitions in British Politics. London: Macmillan.
Bulter, D. 1983. Governing Without a Majority. London: Macmillan.
Butler, D., Penniman, H. R. and Ranny, A. eds. Democracy at the Polls. Washington, D.C.: AEI.
Butterworth, R. L. 1971 “A Research Note on the Size of Winning Coalitions.” Ameri-can Political Science Review. 65:741-745.
Butterworth, R. L. 1974 “Comment on ‘the Size of Winning Coalitions’.” American Po-litical Science Review. 68:519-521.
Capitanchik, D. 1996. “The Israeli General Election of 1996: Another Upheaval.” Gov-ernment and Opposition. 31: 449-466.
Carey, J. M. and Shugart, M. S. eds. 1998. Executive Decree Authority. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carkoglu, A. 1995. “Election Manifestos and Policy-Oriented Economic Voting: A Pooled Cross-National Analysis.” European Journal of Political Research. 27: 293-317.
Castles, F. and Mair, P. 1984. “Left-Right Political Scales: Some Expert Judgment.” European Journal of Political Research. 12: 73-88.
Chappell, H. W. Jr., Keech, W. R. 1986. “Policy Motivation and Party Differences in a Dynamic Spatial Model of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review. 80: 881-899.
Chertkoff, J. M. 1975. “Sociopsychological Views on Sequential Effects in Coalition Formation.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 451-471.
Coleman, J. S. 1975. Measurement and Analysis of Political Science: A Science of Social Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Coleman, J. S. and Fararo, T. J. ed. 1992. Rational Choice Theory. London: Sage Publi-cations.
Collier, D. 1993. “The Comparative Method” In Finifter, A. W. ed. Political Science: The State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science As-sociation.
Colomer, J. M. and Martinez, F. 1995. “The Paradox of Coalition Trading.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 41-63.
Cook, C. and Paxton, J. 1998. European Political Facts: 1900-1996. 4th ed. Hampshire: Macmillan Press.
Cox, G. W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curtis M. et al. 1993. Introduction to Comparative Government. 3rd ed. New York: Harper Collins.
Daalder, H. 1986. “Changing Procedures and Changing Strategies in Dutch Coalition Building.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 507-531.
Daalder, H. and Mair, P. 1983. Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change. London: Sage Publications.
Daalder, H. ed 1987. Party Systems In Denmark, Austria Switzerland, The Netherlands and Belgium. London: Frances Pinter.
Dahl, R. A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dahl, R. A. 1971. Polyarchy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. 1973. Size and Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Dahl, R. A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Damgaard E. ed. 1973. “Party Coalitions in Danish Law-Making, 1953-70.” European Journal of Political Research. 1: 35-66.
Damgaard E. ed. 1992. Parliamentary Change in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandina-vian University Press.
Damgaard E. 1994. “Termination of Danish Government Coalitions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects.” Scandinavian Political Studies. 17: 193-211.
Dalton, R. J. 1993. Politics in Germany. New York: Harper Collins.
Dearlove, J. and Saunders, P. 1991. Introduction to British Politics. Oxford: Polity Press.
De Mesquita B. B. 1975. Strategy, Risk and Personality in Coalition Politics: The case of India. London: Cambridge University Press.
De Mesquita B. B. 1979. “Coalition Payoffs and Electoral Performances in European Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies. 12: 61-81.
Derbyshire, J. D. and Derbyshire, I. 1996. Political Systems of the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
De Swaan, A, 1973. Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formations. London: Elsevier Sci-entific Publishing Company.
De Swaan, A. 1975. “ A Classification of Parties and Party Systems According to Coali-tion Options.” European Journal of Political Research. 3: 361-375.
De Swaan, A. 1985. “ Coalition Theory and Multi-Party Systems: Formal-empirical Theory and Formalizing Approach to Politics.” in Wilke, H. A. M. ed. Coalition For-mation. North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
De Swaan, A. and Mokken, R. J. 1980. “ Testing Coalition Theories: The Combined Evidence.” in Lewin, L. and Vedung, E. eds. Politics as Rational Action. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Diamond, L. 1999. Developing Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Diamond, L. 1996. “Three Paradoxes of Democracy.” in Diamond, L. and Platter, M. F. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diamond, L. and Platter, M. F. 1996. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diermeier, D. and van Roozendaal, P. 1998. “The Duration of Cabinet Formation Proc-esses in Western Multi-Party Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science. 28: 609-626.
Diermeier, D. and Stevenson, R. T. 1999. “Cabinet Survival and Competing Risks” American Journal of Political Science. 43: 1051-1068.
Dodd, L. C. 1974. “Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game-Theoretic The-ory.” American Political Science Review. 68: 1093-1117.
Dodd, L. C. 1976. Coalitions in Parliamentary Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dodd, L. C. 1984. “The Study of Cabinet Durability.” Comparative Political Studies. 17: 155-161.
Dogan, M. and Kazancigil, A. eds. 1994. Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Sub-stance. Oxford: Basic Blackwell Ltd.
Donald, M. et al. 1993. Politics in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.
Doron, G. and Sherman, M. 1995. “A Comprehensive Decision-Making Exposition of Coalition Politics: The Framer‘s Perspective of Size.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 317-333.
Dowding, K. M. and King, D. S. 1995. Preferences, Institutions, and Rational Choice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Dragnich, A. I., Rasmussen, J. S. and Moses, J. C. 1995. Major European Government. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Dreijmanis, J. 1982. in Browne, E. and Dreijmanis, J. ed. Government Coalitions in Western Democracies. London: Longman.
Druckman, J. N. 1996. “Party Factionalism and Cabinet Durability.” Party Politics. 2: 397-407.
Duverger, M. 1959. Political Parties. translated by Barbara and Robert North. London: Methuen & Co LTD.
Duverger, M. 1980. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Governments.” European Journal of Political Research. 8: 165-187.
Duverger, M. 1986. “Duverger’s Law: Forty Year Later.” In Grofman, B. and Lijphart, A. eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press, Inc.
Eckstein, H. 1966. Division and Cohesion in Democracy: A Study of Norway. Prentice, NJ: Prentice University Press.
Ehrman, H. W. and Schain, M. A. 1992. Politics in France. New York: Harper Collins.
Elgie, R. and Maor, M. 1992. “Accounting for the Survival of Minority Government: An Examination of the French Case, 1988-1991.” West European Politics. 15: 57-74.
Elkins, D. J. 1974. “The Measurement of Party Competition.” American Political Sci-ence Review. 68: 682-700.
Elster, J. ed. 1986. Rational Choice. New York: New York University Press.
Enelow, J., M. and Hinich, M. J. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enelow, J., M. and Hinich, M. J. ed. 1990. Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Epstein, L. D. 1982. Political Parties Western Democracies. New Brunswick: Transac-tion Books.
Easton, D. 1960. “The New Revolution in Political Science.” American Politcal Science Review. 63: 1051-1061.
Fabbrini, S. 2000. “Political Change without Institutional Transformation: What Can We Learn from the Italian Crisis of the 1990s?” International Political Science Review. 21: 173-196.
Farazmand, A. ed. 1997. Modern Systems of Government. London: Sage Publication.
Farr, J., Dryzek, J. S. and Leonard, S. T. eds. 1995. Political Science in History. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Finifter, A. W. ed. 1993 Political Science: The State of the Discipline. Washington D.C.: The American Political Science Association.
Franklin, M. and Mackie, T. 1983. “Familiarity and Inertia in Formation of Governing Coalitions in Parliamentary Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science. 13: 275-298.
Franklin, M. and Mackie, T. 1984. “Reassessing the Importance of Size and Ideology for the Formation of Governing Coalitions in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science. 28: 671-692.
Frendreis, J., P. Gleiber, D. W. and Browne, E. C. 1986. “The Study of Cabinet Dissolu-tions in Parliamentary Democracies.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 619-628.
Friedman, J. W. 1991. Game Theory with Applications to Economics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Frohlich, N. 1975. “The Instability of Minimum Winning Coalition.” American Political Science Review. 69: 943-946.
Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J. 1993. Game Theory. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Gallagher, M. 1991 “Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral System,” Electoral Studies. 10: 33-51.
Gallagher, M. 1992 “Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral System,” British Journal Political Science 22: 269-285.
Gallagher, M. 1998 “The Political Impact of Electoral System Change in Japan and New Zealand, 1996.” Party Politics. 4: 203-228.
Gallagher, M. Laver, M. and Mair P. 1995. Representative Government in Modern Europe. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Gamson, W. A. 1961. “A Theory of Coalition Formation.” American Sociological Re-view. 26: 373-382.
Gibbons, R. 1992. A Primer in Game Theory. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Gillespie, J. V. and Nesvold, B. A. ed. 1971. Macro-Quantitative Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Goodin, R. E. ed. 1996. The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge(England) Uni-versity Press.
Goodin, R. E. and Klingmann, H. eds 1996. A New Handbook of Political Science. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press.
Grafstein, R. 1992 Institutional Realism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Green, D. P. and Shapiro, I. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Greenberg, J. and Shepsle, K. 1987. “The Effect of Electoral Rewards in Multiparty Competition with Entry.” American Political Science Review. 81: 525-537.
Groennings, S., Kelley, E. W. and Leiserson, M. eds. 1970. The Study of Coalition Be-havior. New York: Holt, Rinehart.
Grofman, B. 1989. “The Comparative Analysis of Coalition Formation and Duration: Distinguishing Between-Country and Within-Country Effects.” British Journal of Po-litical Science. 19: 291-302
Grofman, B. and Lijphart, A. eds. 1986. Electoral Laws and Their Political Conse-quences. New York: Agathon Press, Inc.
Grofman, B. and Roozendaal, P. V. 1994. “Toward a Theoretical Explanation of Prema-ture Cabinet Termination.” European Journal of Political Science. 26: 155-170.
Hadenius, A. ed. 1997. Democracy’s Victory and Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press.
Hague, R., Harrop, M. and Breslin, S. 1998. Political Science. New York: Worth Pub-lishers.
Hall, P. 1986. Governing the Economy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hall, P. A. and Taylor, R. C. R. 1996 “Political Science and the Three New Institutional-isms” Political Studies. 24: 936-957.
Hamilton, A., Madison, J. and Jay, J. 1982. The Federalist Papers. New York: Bantam Books.
Hardin, R. 1976. “Hollow Victory: The Minimum Winning Coalition.” American Polit-cal Science Review. 70:1202-1214.
Harsanyi, J. C. 1977. Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and So-cial Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hauptmann, E. 1996 Putting Choice Before Democracy. New York: State University of New York.
Hay, C. and Wincott, D. 1998 “Structure, Agency and Historical Institutionalism” Po-litical Studies. 26: 951-957.
Hazan, R. 1995. “Center Parties and Systemic Polarization: An Exploration of Recent Trends in Western Europe.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 421-445.
Hazan, R. 1995. “Attacking the Center: Moderate-Induced Polarization in Denmark and the Netherlands.” Scandinavian Political Studies. 18: 73-95.
Hazan, R. 1996. “Presidential Parliamentarism: Direct Popular Election of the Prime Minister, Israel’s New Electoral and Political System.” Electoral Studies. 15: 21-37.
Hazan, R. 1997. “Executive-Legislative Relations in an Era of Accelerated Reform: Re-shaping Government in Israel.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 22: 329-350.
Heap S. P. H. and Varoufakis, Y. 1995. Game Theory: An Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.
Henristellman, H. 1996. “Electing a Prime Minister and a Parliament.” Parliamentary Affairs. 49: 648-660.
Herman, V. H. and Pope, J. 1973. “Minority Government in Western Democracies.” Brit-ish Journal of Political Science. 3: 191-212.
Hermens, F. A. 1941. Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation. South Bend, IN: University of Norte Dame Press.
Hibbs, D. 1977. “Political Parties and Macro-Economic Policy.” American Political Sci-ence Review. 71: 1476-1487.
Hill, K. Q. and Hinton-Andersson, A. 1995 “Pathways of Representation: A Causal Analysis of Public Opinion-Policy Linkages.” American Journal of Political Science. 39: 924-935.
Hilton, G. 1976. Intermediate Politometrics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hinckley, B. 1975a. “Introduction: Coalitions and Time.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 444-450.
Hinckley, B. 1975b. “The Initially Strongest Player: Coalition Games and Presidentila Nominations.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 497-512.
Hine, D. 1993. Governing Italy: The Politics of Bargained Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holler, M. ed. 1987. The Logic of Mulitiparty Systems. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Aca-demic Publishers.
Holt, R. T. and Turneer, J. E. eds. 1970. The Methodology of Comparative Research. New York: The Free Press.
Howard, N. 1971. Paradoxes of Rationality: Theory of Metagames and Political Behav-ior. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Hseih, J. F. 1981. The Formation of Grand Coalitions in Politics. PhD dissertation. New York: University of Rochester.
Huntington, S. P. 1991. The Third Wave. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hurwitz, L. 1971. “An Index of Democratic Political Stability.” Comparative Political Studies. 4: 41-68.
Immergut, E. M. 1998. “The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism” Politics and Society. 26: 5-34.
Inglehart, R. 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Poltical Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Isaak, A. C. 1985. Scope and Methods of Political Science. 3rd ed. Belmont, Calif, IL: The Dorsey Press.
Jacobs, F. 1989. Western European Political Parties. Essex, U.K.: Longman.
James, S. 1992. British Cabinet Government. London: Routledge.
Janda, K. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: Free Press.
Janda, K. 1993. “Comparative Political Parties: Research and Theory” In Finifter, A. W. ed. Political Science: The State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association.
Jennings, S. I. 1961. Cabinet Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, G. W. ed. 1991. West European Prime Ministers. Portland, OR: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Jordan, A. G. (1990) ‘Policy Community Realism Versus “New” Institutionalist Ambigu-ity’, Political Studies, 38: 482-494.
Judge, D. 1994. The Parliamentary State. London: Sage Publications.
Kahan, J. P. and Repoport, A. 1984. Theories of Coalition Formation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Kaiser, A. 1997. “Types of Democracy From Classical to New Institutionalism” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 9(4): 419-444.
Kaiser, A. and Brechtel, T. 1999. “Party System, Bargaining Power and Coalition after the 1999 New Zealand General Election.” Political Science. 51: 182-188.
Kato, J. 1996. “Review Article: Institutions and Rationality in Politics—Three Varieties of Neo-Institutionalists” British Journal of Political Science. 26: 553-582.
Kato, J. and Laver, M. 1998 “Theories of Government Formation and The 1996 General Election in Japan” Party Politics. 4: 229-252.
Katz, R. S. 1980. A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Katz, R. S. 1997. Democracy and Election. New York: Oxford University Press.
Katz, S. and Koole, R., eds. 1997. “Political Data in 1996.” European Journal of Politi-cal Research. 32: 291-300.
Kelley, E. W. 1968. “Techniques of Studying Coalition Formation.” Midwest Journal of Political Science. 12: 62-84.
Keman, H. ed. 1997 The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies. London: Macmillan.
Keman, H. E. 1994. “The Search for the Centre: Pivot Parties in West European Party Systems.” West European Politics. 17: 124-148.
King, G., Alt, J. E., Burns, N. E. and Laver, M. 1990. “A Unified Model of Cabinet Dis-solution in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Journal Political Science. 34: 846-871.
Kingdom J. 1991. Government and Politics in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kirchner, E. J. ed. 1988. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Longman. 1987. Keesing’s Record of World Events. London:Longman.
Klingemann, H., Hofferbert, R. I. and Budge, I. 1994. Parties, Policies, and Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Knutsen, O. 1989. “Cleavage Dimensions in Ten Western European Countries.” Com-parative Political Studies. 21: 495-533.
Koelble, T. A. 1995. “The New Institutionalism in Political Science and Sociology.” Comparative Politics. 27: 232.
Kohno, M. 1994. “The Politics of Coalition Building in Japan.” British Journal of Po-litical Science. 24: 148-158.
Koole, R. and Mair, P., eds. 1994. “Political Data in 1993.” European Journal of Politi-cal Research. 26: 221-451.
Koole, R. and Katz, S., eds. 1998. “Political Data in 1997.” European Journal of Politi-cal Research. 34: 329-338.
Kreppel, A. and Tsebelis, G. 1999. “Coalition Formation in the Europe Parliament.” Comparative Political Studies. 32: 933-966.
Laakso M. and Taagepera, R. 1979. “Effective Number of Parties” Comparative Politi-cal Studies. 12: 3-27.
Lalman, D., Oppenheimer, J. and Swistak, P. 1993. “Formal Rational Choice Theory: A Cumulative Science of Politics.” In Finifter, A. W. ed. Political Science: The State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association.
Landman, T. 2000. Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. London: Routledge.
Lane, J. 1990. Institutional Reform. U.K., Hants: Dartmouth.
Lane, J. and Ersson, S. 1994a. Comparative Politics: An Introduction and New Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lane, J. and Ersson, S. 1994b. Politics and Society in Western Europe. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications.
Lane, J. and Ersson, S. 1996. Constitutions and Political Theory. Manchester: Manches-ter University Press.
Lane, J. and Ersson, S. O. 1999. Politics and Society in Western Europe. 4th ed. London: Sage Publications.
Lane, J. Mckay, S. and Newton, K. eds. 1997 Political Data Handbook OECD Countries. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press..
Lange, P. 1991. New Directions in Comparative Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Laver, M. 1974. “Dynamic Factors in Government Coalition Formation.” European Jouranal of Political Research. 2: 259-270.
Laver, M. 1985. “The Relationship Between Coalition Policy and Party Policy.” Euro-pean Journal of Political Economy. 1: 243-269.
Laver, M. 1989. “Theories of Coalition Formation and Local Government.” In Mellors, C. and Peijnenburg, B. ed. Political Parties and Coalitions in European Local Gov-ernment. London: Routledge.
Laver, M. and Budge, I. ed. 1992. Party Policy and Government Coalitions. London: St. Martin's Press.
Laver, M. and Hunt, W. B. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. London: Routledge.
Laver, M. and Schofield, N. 1990. Multiparty Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. 1990a. “Coalitions and Cabinet Government.” American Political Science Review. 84: 873-890.
Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. 1990b. “Government Coalitions and Intra-party Politics.” British Journal of Political Science. 20: 489-507.
Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. 1994. Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. 1994. “Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government.” In Budge, I. and D. McKay eds. Developing Democracy. London: Sage Publications.
Lieberman, B. 1975 “Coalitions and Conflict Resolution.” American Behavioral Scien-tist. 18: 557-581.
Leiserson, M. 1966a. Coalitions in Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1966.
Leiserson, M. 1966b. “Factions and Coalitions in One-Party Japan.” American Political Science Review. 68: 770-787.
Leiserson, M. 1970. “Coalition Government in Japan.” in Groennings, S., Kelley, E. W. and Leiserson, M. eds., The Study of Coalition Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart.
Lichbach, M. I., 1997 “Social Theory and Comparative Politics.” in Lichbach, M. I. and Zuckerman, A. S. Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lichbach, M. I. and Zuckerman, A. S. 1997. Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Lijphart, A. 1971. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method” American Po-litical Science Review. 65
Lijphart, A. 1976. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Rev edn. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Lijphart, A. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Lijphart, A. 1981. “Power-Sharing versus Majority Rule: Patterns of Cabinet Formation in Twenty Democracies.” Government and Opposition. 16: 395-413.
Lijphart, A. 1984a. Democracies: Patters of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Lijphart, A. 1984b. “A Note on the Meaning of Cabinet Durability.” Comparative Po-litical Studies. 17: 163-166.
Lijphart, A. 1984c. “Measures of Cabinet Durability.” Comparative Political Studies. 17: 265-279.
Lijphart, A. 1991. “Constitutional Choices for New Democracies.” Journal of Democ-racy. 2: 72-84.
Lijphart, A. ed. 1992. Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lijphart, A. 1994a. Electoral Systems and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lijphart, A. 1994b. “Democracies: Forms, Performance, and Constitutional Engineer-ing.” European Journal of Political Research. 25: 1-17.
Lijphart, A. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Lijphart, A. and Grofman, B. ed. 1984. Choosing an Electoral System. New York: Prae-ger Publication.
Lijphart, A. 1986. in Lijphart, A. and Grofman, B. ed. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press, Inc.
Lijphart, A. and Waisman, C. H. eds. 1996. Institutional Design in New Democracies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Linz, J. J. 1996. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. In Diamond, L. and Platter, M. F. eds. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linz, J. J. and Valenzuela, A. eds. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Balti-more: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, S. M. 1959. Political Man. New York: Doubleday.
Lipset, S. M. and Rokkan, S. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York: The Free Press.
Listhaug, O., MacDonald, S. E. and Rabinowitz, G. 1994. “Ideology and Party Support in Comparative Perspective.” European Journal of Political Research. 25: 111-149.
Loosemore, J. and Hanby, V. J. 1971. “The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion: Some Analytic Expressions for Electoral Systems.” British Journal of Political Sci-ence. 1: 467-477.
Lowell, A. L. 1896. Governments and Parties in Continental Europe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Luebbert, G. M. 1983. “Coalition Theory and Government Formation in Multiparty De-mocracies.” Comparative Politics. 15: 235-249.
Luebbert, G. M. 1984. “A Theory of Government Formation.” Comparative Political Studies. 17: 229-264.
Luebbert, G. M. 1986. Comparative Democracy: Policymaking and Governing Coali-tions in Europe and Israel. New York: Columbia University Press.
Luong, P. J. “After the Break-up” Comparative Political Studies. 33: 563-592.
Lupia, A. and Strøm, K. 1995. “Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Par-liamentary Elections.” American Political Science Review. 89: 648-665.
MacDonald S. E., Listhaug, O. and Rabinowitz, G. 1991. “Issues and Party Support in Multiparty Systems.” American Political Science Review. 85: 1107-1131.
Mackie, T. T. and Rose, R. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. Washington D.C.: Macmillan.
Mackintosh, J. P. 1977. The British Cabinet. London: Stevens & Sons Limited.
Mainwaring, S. 1993. “Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies. 26: 198-228.
Mainwaring, S. and Shugart, M. S. eds. 1997. Presidentalism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mair, P. 1997. Party System Change. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Maire, P. and Smith, G. ed. 1990. Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass.
Maor, M. 1995. “Intra-Party Determinants of Coalition Bargaining.” Journal of Thereti-cal Politics. 7: 65-91.
Maor, M. 1997. Political Parties and Party systems. London: Routledge.
Maor, M. 1998. Parties, Conflicts and Coalitions in Western Europe. London: Routledge.
March, J. G. and Olsen, J. P. 1984. “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review. 78: 734-749.
March, J. G. and Olsen, J. P. 1989 Rediscovering Institutions. New York: The Free Press.
March, J. G. and Olsen, J. P. 1995 Democratic Governance. New York: The Free Press.
Marsh, D. and Stoker, G. eds., 1995. Theory and Methods in Political Science. Hamp-shire: Macmillan.
McLean, I. 1987. Public Choice: An Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Mellors, C. and Brearey, P. 1989. “Sub-national Government: A New Arena for the Study of Coalitions.” In Mellors, C. and Peijnenburg, B. ed. Political Parties and Coalitions in European Local Government. London: Routledge.
Mellors, C. and Pijnenberg, B. ed. 1989. Political Parties and Coalitions in European Local Government. London: Routledge.
Mény Y. 1998. Government and Politics in Western Europe. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Merkl, P. H. ed. 1980. Western European Party Systems. New York: The Free Press.
Mershon, C. A. 1994. “Expectations and Informal Rules in Coalition Formation.” Com-parative Political Studies. 27: 40-79.
Metcalf, L. K. 2000. “Measuring Presidential Power” Comparative Political Studies. 33: 660-685.
Michels, R. 1911. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Collier.
Midlarsky, M. I. 1984. “Political Stability of Two-Party and Multiparty Systems: Prob-abilistic Bases for the Comparison of Party Systems.” American Political Science Re-view. 78: 929-951.
Miline, R. S. 1981. Politics in Ethnically Bipolar States: Guyana, Malaysia, Fuji. Van-couver: University of British Columbia Press.
Milnor, A. J. 1969. Elections and Political Stability. Boston: Little, Brown and Com-pany.
Mintz, A. 1995. “The ‘Noncompensatory Principline’ of Coalition Formation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 335-349.
Monroe, K. R. ed. 1991. The Economic Approach to Politics. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Morgan G. ed. 1983. Beyond Method. London: Sage Publications.
Morrow, J. D. 1994. Game Theory for Political Scientists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-versity Press.
Mueller, D. C. 1979. Public Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mueller, D. C. 1990. Constitutional Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mueller, D. C. 1993. The Public Choice Approach to Politics. U.K., Hants: Edward El-gar.
Mulé, R. 1999. “New Institutionalism: Distilling some ‘Hard Core’ Propositions in the Works of Williamson and March and Olsen” Politics. 19: 145-151.
Müller, W. C. and Strøm, K. 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Müller, W. C. and Strøm, K. 2000 (forecoming). Coalition Governments in Western Europe. Oxforsd : Oxford University Press.
Muller-Rommel, F. and Pridham G. eds. 1991. Small Parties in Western Europe. London: Sage Publications.
Nachmias, D. 1975. “Coalition Politics in Israel.” Comparative Political Studies. 7: 316-333.
Narain, I. 1974. “Coalitional Politics and Indian Political Ststem.” In Chatterji, S. K. ed. The Coalitional Government. India, Mysore: The Wesley Press.
Narud, H. M. 1995. “Coalition Termination in Norway: Models and Cases.” Scandina-vian Political Studies. 18: 1-24.
Narud, H. M. 1995. “Issue Saliency, Policy Distances and Coalition Bargaining.” West-ern European Politics. 18: 361-388.
Niemi, R. G. and Weisberg, H. F. ed. 1972. Probability Models of Collective Decision Making. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.
Nordlinger, E. A. 1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Norris, Pippa. 1995 “Introduction: The Politics of Electoral Reform,” International Po-litical Science Review, 16: 3-8.
Olsen, J. 1988. Political Science and Organisation Theory. Norway, University of Ber-gen: Norwegian Research Centre in Organisation and Management (mimeo).
Ordeshook, P. C. 1986. Game Theory and Political Theory: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ordeshook, P. C. 1992. A Political Theory Primer. New York: Routledge.
Ordeshook, P. C. ed. 1989. Models of Strategic Choice in Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Ordeshook, P. C. and Winer, M. 1980 “Coalitions and Spatial Policy Outcomes in Par-liamentary Systems: Some Experimental Results.” American Political Science Review. 24: 730-752.
Osborne, M. J. and Rubinstein, A. 1994. A Course in Game Theory. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Ostrøm, E. 1991. “Rational Choice Theory and Institutional Analysis: Toward Comple-mentarity.” American Political Science Review. 1991: 237-243.
Ostrøm, E. ed. 1982. Strategies of Political Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publica-tions.
Øyen, E. ed. 1990. Comparative Methodology. London: Sage Publications.
Paltiel, K. Z. 1975. “The Israeli Coalition System.” Government and Opposition. 10: 397-414.
Panebianco, A. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Pennings, P. and Lane, J. eds 1998 Comparative Party System. Change. London: Routledge.
Peters, B. G. 1998 Comparative Politics. London: Macmillan.
Peters, B. G. 1999 Institutional Theory in Political Science. London: Pinter.
Peterson, R. L. and Ridder, M. M. 1986. “Government Formation As a Policy-Making Arena.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 565-581.
Pontusson, J. 1995. “From Comparative Public Policy to Political Economy.” Compara-tive Political Studies. 28: pp. 118-120.
Powell, G. B. Jr. 1981. “Party Systems and Political Performance.” American Journal of Political Science. 75: 859-872.
Powell, G. B. Jr. 1982. Contemporary Democracies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Powell, W. W. and DiMaggio, P. J. eds 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Pridham, G. ed. 1986. Coalitional Behaviour in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Pridham, G. 1988. Political Parties and Coalitional Behaviour in Italy. New York: Routledge.
Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C. and Manin, B. eds. 1999. Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, R. D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Tradition in Modern Italy. Prince-ton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rae, D. W. 1971. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Rae, D. W. and Taylor, M. 1970. The Analysis of Political Cleavages. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ragin, C. C. 1987 The Comparative Method. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rapoport, A. and Weg, E. 1986. “Dominated, Connected, and Tigh Coalitions in the Is-rseli Knesset.” American Journal of Political Science. 30: 577-596.
Reisinger, W. M. 1986. “Situational and Motivational Assumptions in Theories of Coali-tion Formation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 551-563.
Rhodes, R. A. W. 1995. “The Institutional Approach.” in Marsh, D. and Stoker, G. eds. Theory and Methods in Political Science. Washington D.C.: Macmillan.
Rhodes, R. A. W. and Dunleavy, P. eds. 1995. Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Execu-tive. Hampshire: Macmillan.
Ricci, D. M. 1984. The Tragedy of Political Science: Politics , Scholarship, and Democ-racy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Riker, W. H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Riker, W. 1971 “Comment on Buttreeworth, ‘A Reesearch Note on the Size of Winning Coalitions.” American Political Science Review. 65: 745-747.
Riker, W. H. 1982. “The Two-party System and Duverger’s Law.” American Political Science Review. 76: 753-766.
Riker, W. H. 1986. “Duverger’s Law Revisited.” In Grofman, B. and Lijphart, A. eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press, Inc.
Riker, W. H. and Ordeshook, P. C. 1973. An Introduction to Positive Political Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Robert, J. D. 1983. “The Political Economy and Durability of European Coalition Cabi-net.” Journal of Politics. 45: 932-957.
Robertson, J. D. 1983. “The Political Economy and the Durability of European Coalition Cabinet: New Variations on a Game-Theoretic Perspective.” Journal of Politics. 45: 932-957.
Roberntson, J. D. 1984. “Toward a Political-Economic Accounting of the Endurance of Cabinet Administrations: An Empirical Assessment of Eight European Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science. 28: 693-709.
Robertson, J. D. 1986. “Economic Polarization and Cabinet Formation in Western Europe.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 533-549.
Rokkan, Stein, 1970. Citizens, Elections, Parties. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Rommetvedt, H. 1994. “Norwegian Coalition Governments and the Management of Party Relations.” Scandinavian Political Studies. 17: 239-258.
Rose, R. 1984. Do Parties Make a Difference? Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
Rommetvedt, H. 1994. “Norwegian Coalition Governments and the Management of Party Relations.” Scandinavian Political Studies. 17: 239-258.
Roozendaal, P. V. 1992. Cabinets in Multi-Party Democracies. Amsterdam: Thesis Pub-lishers.
Roozendaal, P. V. 1992. “The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Com-position and Durability.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 17: 5-36.
Roozendaal, P. V. 1993. “Cabinet in the Netherlands1918-1990.” European Journal of Political Research. 23: 35-54.
Roozendaal, P. V. 1994. “Coalition Predictions with Ordinal Policy Position Data.” Brit-ish Journal of Political Science. 24: 132-138.
Rose, R. 1984. Do Parties Make A Difference? 2nd ed. Chatham, NJ: Catham House. Publishers, Inc.
Roskin, M. G. 1998. Countries and Concepts. New York: Prentice Hall.
Rustow, D. A. 1955. The Politics of Compromise: A Study of Parties and Cabinet Gov-ernment in Sweden. New York: Greenwood Press.
Saari, D. G. 1994. Geornetry of Voting. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Sakamoto, T. 1999. “ Explaining Electoral Reform” Party Politics. 5 419-438.
Sanders, D. 1995. “Behavioural Analysis.” in Marsh, D. and Stoker, G. eds., Theory and Methods in Political Science. Hampshire: Macmillan.
Sanders, D. and Herman, V. 1977. “The Stability and Survival of Governments in West-ern Democracies.” Acta Politica. 12: 346-377.
Sartori, G. 1968. “Political Development and Political Engineering” in Montgomery, D. and Hirschman eds., Public Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sartori, G. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
Sartori, G. 1997. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People. IL: The Dryden.
Schemeil, Y. 2000. “Democracy before Democracy?” International Political Science Review. 21: 99-120.
Schmitt, C. 1985. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. translated by Kennedy. E. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Schmitt, H. and Ho,mberg, S. 1995. “Political Parties in Decline?” in Klingemann, H. and Fuchs, D. Citizens and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schofield, N. J. 1985. Social Choice and Democracy. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Schofield, N. J. 1993a.. “Political Competition and Multiparty Coalition Governments.” European Journal of Political Research. 23: 1-33.
Schofield, N. J. 1993b. “Party Competition in a Spatial Model of Coalition Formation.” In Barnett, W. M. J. Hinich and N. J. Schofield ed. Political Economy: Institutions, Competition, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schofield, N. and Laver, M. 1985. “Bargaining Theory and Portfolio Payoffs in Euro-pean Coalition Governments, 1945-83.” British Journal of Political Science. 15: 143-164.
Schofied, N. 1995. “Coalition Politics: A Formal Model and Empirical Analysis.” Jour-nal of Theoretical Politics. 7: 245-281.
Schulz, U., Albers, W. and Mueller, U. eds. 1994. Social Dilemmas and Cooperation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Schumpeter, J. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Allen & Unwin.
Shaw. R. 1999. “Rules or Discretion?” Political Science. 51: 32-57.
Shepsle, K. A. 1974. “On the Size of Winning Coalitions.” American Political Science Review. 68: 505-518.
Siaroff, A. 2000. “Women’s Representation in Legislatures and Cabinets in Industrial Democracies” International Political Science Review. 21: 197-215.
Siegfried, André, 1956. “Stable Instability in France.” Foreign Affairs 34: 394-404.
Sigelman, L. and Yough, S. N. 1978. “Left-Right Polarization in National Party Systems: A Cross-National Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies. 1: 355-379.
Silver, B. D. and Dowley, K. M. 2000. “Measuring Political Culture in Multiethnic So-cieties.” Comparative Political Studies. 33: 517-550.
Shugart, M. S. and Carey, J. M. 1992. President and Assemblies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, G. 1989. Politics in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. 5th ed. England, Aldershot: Gower.
Smith, D. A. 1990. “Stable Governments and the Allocation of Policy Porfolis.” Ameri-can Political Science Review. 84: 883-902.
Steinmo, S., Thelen, K. and Longstreth, F. eds 1992 Structuring Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stepan, A. and Skach, C. 1994. in Linz, J. J. and Valenzuela, A. eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Steunenberg, B. 1992. “Coalition Theories: Empirical Evidence for Dutch Municipali-ties.” European Journal of Political Research. 22: 2457-278.
Steunenberg, B. and Van Vught, F. eds 1997. Political Institutions and Public Policy. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stevens, A. 1992. The Government and Politics of France. London: Macmillan..
Stevens, J. B. 1993. The Economics of Collective Choice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Stokes, D. E. 1963. “Spatial Models of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review. 57: 368-377.
Strøm, K. 1984. “Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies. 17: 199-227.
Strøm, K. 1985. “Party Goals and Government Performance in Parliamentary Democra-cies.” American Political Science Review. 79: 738-754.
Strøm, K. 1986. “Deferred Gratification and Minority Governments in Scandinavia.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11: 583-603.
Strøm, K. 1988. “Contending Models of Cabinet Stability.” American Political Science Review. 82: 923-930.
Strøm, K. 1990a. Minority Government and Majority Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strøm, K. 1990b. “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science. 34: 565-598.
Strøm, K. 1993. “Competition Ruins the Good Life: Party Leadership in Norway.” Euro-pean Journal of Political Research. 24: 317-347.
Strøm, K. 1994a. “The Presthus Debacle: Intraparty Politics and Bargaining Failure in Norway.” American Political Science Review. 88: 112-127.
Strøm, K., Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. 1994b. “Constraints on Cabinet Formation in Par-liamentary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science. 38: 303-335.
Strøm, K. 1997. “Democracy, Accountability, and Coalition Bargaining,” European Journal of Political Research. 31: 47-62.
Strøm, K. and Leipart, J. Y. 1993. “Policy, Institutions, and Coalition Avoidance: Nor-wegian Governments, 1945-1990.” American Political Science Review. 87: 870-887.
Taagepera, R. and Shugart, M. S. 1989. Seats and Votes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Taylor, M., J. and Herman, V. H. 1971. “Party Systems and Government Stability.” American Political Science Review. 65: 28-37.
Taylor, M. J. and Laver, M. J. 1973. “Government Coalition in Western Europe.” Euro-pean Journal of Political Research. 1: 205-248.
Thelen, K. and Steinmo, S. 1992. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” In Steinmo, S. Thelen, K. and Longstreth, F. eds. Structuring Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tocqueveille, A. D. 1953. Democracies in America. New York: Alfred A. Knophf Inc.
Tsebelis, G. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
Tullock, G. 1972. Toward a Mathematics of Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
van Deemen, A. M. A. 1989. “Dominant Playlers and Minimum Size Coalition.” Euro-pean Journal of Political Science. 17: 313-332.
van Roozendaal, P. 1992a. Cabinets in Multi-Party Democracies. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers.
van Roozendaal, P. 1992b. “The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Composition and Durability.” Legislative Studies Qarterly. 17: 5-36.
van Roozendaal, P. 1997. “Government Survival in Western Multi-Party Democracies.” European Journal of Political Science. 32: 71-92.
von Beyme, K. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. England: Gower Pub-lishing Company.
Vowles, Jack. 1995 “The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand,” International Political Science Review, 16: 95-115.
Ward, Leigh J. 1998 “Second-Class MP’? New Zealand’s Adaption to Mixed-Member Parliamentary Representation,” Political Science, 49: 125-152..
Ware, A. 1979. The Logic of Party Democracy. London: Macmillan.
Ware, A. 1996. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Warwick, P. 1979. “The Durability of Coalition Governments in Parliamentary Democ-racies.” Comparative Political Studies. 11: 465-498.
Warwick, P. 1992a. “Rising Hazards: An Underlying Dynamic of Parliamentary Gov-ernment.” American Journal of Political Science. 36: 857-876.
Warwick, P. 1992b. “Ideological Diversity and Government Survival in Western Euro-pean Parliamentary Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies. 25: 332-361.
Warwick, P. 1994. Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Warwick, P. V. 1999. “Ministerial Autonomy or Ministerial Accommodation? Contested Bases of Government Survival Parliamentary Democracies.” British Journal of Po-litical Science. 29: 369-394.
Warwick, P. and Easton, S. 1992. “The Cabinet Stability Controversy.” American Jour-nal of Political Science. 36: 122-146.
Weale A. 1984. “Review Article: Social Choice Versus Populism? An Interpretation of Riker‘s Political Theory.” British Journal of Political Science. 14: 369-385.
Weale A. 1999. Democracy . London: Macmillan.
Weaver, R. K. and Rockman, B. A. eds. 1993. Do Institutions Matter? Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.
Wilke, H. A. 1985. “Coalition Formation from a Socio-Psychological Perspective.” in Walke, H. A. ed. Coalition Formation. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Wittman, D. A. 1973. “ Parties as Utility Maximizers.” American Political Science Re-view. 67: 490-498.
Woldendrop, J., Keman, H. and Budge, I. eds. 1993. “Political Data in 1992.” European Journal of Political Research. 24: 1-120.
Woldendrop, J., Keman, H. and Budge, I. eds. 1998. “Party Government in 20 Democra-cies: An Update (1990-1995).” European Journal of Political Research. 33: 125-164.
Wolinetz, S. B. 1991. “Party System Change: The Catch-all Thesis Revisited.” West European Politics. 14: 113-128.
Wolinetz, S. B. ed. 1988. Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies. London: Routledge.
Wood, S. and McLean, A. I. 1995. “Recent Work in Game Theory and Coalition The-ory.” Political Studies. 43: 703-717.
Wright, J. R. and Goldberg, A. 1985. “Risk and Uncertainty Factors in the Durability of Political Coalitions.” American Political Science Review. 79: 704-718.
Uslaner, E. M. 1975. “A Contextual Model of Coalition Formation in Congress: The Dimensions of Party and ‘Political Time’.” American Behavioral Scientist. 18: 513-529.
Zuckerman, A. 1975. Political Clienteles in Power: Party Factions and Cabinet Coali-tions in Italy. Beverly Hills,CA: Sage Publications.