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題名：當前台灣住宅的代間移轉
作者：許秉翔
作者(外文)：Ping-hsiang Hsu
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：建築與城鄉研究所
指導教授：華昌宜
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2002
主題關鍵詞：住宅；代間移轉；財富；社會經濟學；家庭；台灣；Housing；Intergenerational Transfer；Wealth；Socio-Economic Study；Family；Taiwan
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台灣高達八成的住宅自有率舉世罕見，其原因為二至三成的成年子女居住於父母所有的房子的緣故。在1990年代台灣的高房價社會的背景之下，頭期款資助、整棟房子的財富移轉、同住型態的所得移轉三類的住宅代間移轉在家庭之中極為普遍。其中同住型態的所得移轉在西方文獻中甚少提及，同時過去的討論重視遺產甚於生前移轉，故探討台灣社會的住宅代間移轉不但在學術研究上有其重要性，對於房地產佔家庭財富達六成的台灣社會而言，在公共政策上也有其不可言喻的地位。
本文主要以社會經濟學的取向進行分析。在第貳章第一節當中，本文以Milton Friedman視經濟學為工具主義的觀點，闡述傳統上社會學家攻擊經濟學“不真實的假設”並不公允，並且在此觀點之下，經濟學與社會學其實可以並存。對於住宅代間移轉此類為經濟學、社會學所共同關心的議題而言，欲發掘其豐富的面目，唯有社會經濟學的分析取向才得以竟全功。況且對於台灣的住宅研究而言，過去的成果某種程度而言偏重於經濟學，故本文副標題強調社會經濟學的研究取向，自有希望復興住宅研究之跨學域特性的意義。
第參章對於1990年代幾個重要的全國性社會調查的資料分析結果顯示，除了有二至三成的成年子女居住於父母所有的房子之外，男性顯然得到更多的住宅移轉。此一方面源自於父系社會的背景，另一方面則與奉養父母的社會習俗有關。此外，一些社會經濟的結構性背景也加強了住宅代間移轉的現象，這些因素至少包括：經濟的轉型與都市化的影響、高房價社會、社會福利的低度發展、人口與家庭結構的轉變等。
第肆章的內容在於凸顯台灣的住宅代間移轉，其實具有家庭集體的理性選擇的意涵，其中蘊藏有深沈的社會意義。在台灣近四十年來的經濟發展過程中，實物資產與人力資本對於不同世代的相對價格產生變化，經濟發展的成功、都市化的城鄉移民建構了社會變遷的場景，家庭的型態與父母的權威地位也隨之變動，同時住宅取代了土地成為家庭財富的主要構成。為了維繫「房」的延續與父母老年的經濟安全，住宅成為重要的代間控制的媒介。父母經由住宅代間移轉，影響他們與成年子女之間的居住距離與互動模式，經驗研究的結果顯示，住在父母房子的子女更常探視父母、每月移轉給父母更多的奉養金。由於住宅具有空間的僵固性、不易變現的特質、投資/消費的兩面性和本身為一種能見的實體，使得它成為一種極佳的代間控制的媒介，而與股票、現金等其他財務工具有所不同。
第伍章的內容主要討論住宅財富移轉的社經影響。對於經濟面的影響，代間的消費差距主要是由父母對子女的利他程度、財富效果以及消費的邊際效用降低程度三者所共同影響的結果。透過財富效果對於消費的影響，使得住宅代間移轉與總體經濟產生連動。至於後半部的社會面的影響則以臺灣為例，觀察住宅所有權的狀態對社會階層認知的影響。從Peter Saunders的理論所作的引申認為從父母處得到住宅代間移轉者可能因為財務限制較少，而得以擁有更優渥的生活方式與較高的社會階層地位。經驗研究的結果顯示自力購屋者認知的社會階層高於住在父母房子（接受住宅代間移轉）的人，此與自Saunders的理論所作的引申恰好相反。其中原因可能是成就動機所致。千禧年之後的台灣房地產，隨著地價的持續下跌，房價對於新家戶的負擔已減輕許多，加上台灣人對於自立購屋的成就動機與驕傲感，關於住宅代間移轉是否引起社會結構內部的潛在衝突的憂慮，未來的趨勢是樂觀的。
綜合言之，住宅代間移轉普遍存在於台灣社會，是台灣家庭適應經濟發展的歷程所導致的劇烈社會環境變遷所做的回應之一，除了明顯的路徑依賴的歷史性格之外，其中還存在家庭集體的理性選擇的痕跡。後者過去並未被證明，除了可視為本文的重要貢獻之外，並可作為未來制度變遷的預測基礎。此外，由於住宅被台灣的父母利用以影響成年子女的居住區位與家庭的互動模式，在繁忙的都市生活之時間限制下，住宅代間移轉並可被視為一種以家庭為單位的時空整合的行為。
The housing ownership rate in Taiwan is over 80%, an extra ordinarily high number in the world. The main reason behind this phenomenon is that 20~30 % adult live in the houses of parents’ own. Under the background of expensive housing price, downpayment supporting, housing wealth transfer and co-residence become three major types of housing transfer, which are popular phenomenon in Taiwan. The type of co-residence is specially ignored in western literature perhaps because of cultural differences. Besides, the convention wisdom concerns more on inheritance than on gift. Hence, the research on the issue of housing intergenerational transfer in Taiwan not only shows academic research potentials but also highly represents to public policy, especially when housing wealth is over 60 % of total family wealth in Taiwan.
The methodology of this work is socio-economic study, as stated on the sub-title denotes. From the viewpoint of instrumentalism, raised by Economist Milton Friedman, economics and sociology do have the possibility to co-exist. For the research topic like intergenerational transfer, which is concerned both by economist and sociologist, socio-economic approach is helpful to discover the fruitful contents and avoid the constrained viewpoint of single discipline.
From some national social surveys in Taiwan in 1990s, there is 20~30 % adult live in parents’ houses as previous mentioned. In the meantime, male receives more resources of housing transfer than female does from the family. Sex factor represents not only the patriarchy of Taiwan’s society but also some kind of social norm of elder support. The structural backgrounds also enforce the populaity of housing transfer such as successful economic development and urbanization, expensive housing price, under-developed social welfare system, demografic transition and family structure change etc..
The main findings of CH4 are the proof of housing intergenerational transfer in Taiwan show obviously characteristic of rational choice. Housing becomes an efficient media of intergenerational control because of the properties of spatial fixity, high transaction cost, duality of investment/consumption and visuality. Through housing intergenerational transfer, parents live closer with their adult children and receive more visits and money feedbacks from children.
The socio-economic effects of housing intergenerational transfer are shown in CH5. In economic dimension, the consumption gap across generation is jointly determined by parents’ altrulistic degree, wealth effect and reductive degree of the marginal utility of consumption. In social dimension, I try to compare the effect of housing ownership, self-owned or parents’ owned, on the subjective recognition on social status. From the hint of Peter Saunders’s theory, people who receive housing intergenerational transfer may enjoy more consumption and recognize higher social status because less financial liquidity constraints. The empirical result of the case in Taiwan does not support the extention based on Saunders’s theory. The self-owner regards himself at higher social status even they have to bear the torture of mortgage. A possible explanation could be the achivement motivation.
In short, the popular housing intergenerational transfer in Taiwan could be regarded as a response of family to the success of economic devepment and rapidly social change. Except the explanation of historical factors named path-dependence, rational choice is also proved to be an important dimention to shape housing intergenerational transfer in Taiwan. The latter also could be regarded as a main contribution of this work.
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