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題名：TRANSITIVITY AND VALENCY-CHANGING DERIVATIONS IN YAMI
作者：施玉勉
作者(外文)：Yu-mien Shih
校院名稱：國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱：英語學系
指導教授：張永利博士
王萸芳博士
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2013
主題關鍵詞：及物性；動詞變換；價位轉換；使役動詞；施用結構；典型的-非典型的；transitivity；verb alternation；valency-changing derivations；causative verb；applicative construction；canonical -non-canonical
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本篇論文從語言類型的觀點，探討雅美語動詞的及物性及動詞價位轉換 。 從句子及物性區分，雅美語包含四種句型：不及物句，延伸不及物句，及物句和延伸及物句。本文基於兩個理由，採用及物性分析法，而非傳統的語態分析法。 第一，語態標記會增加論元。 第二，語態標記會改變動詞的意思。本文將語態標記改為及物性標記。所謂的主事者語態動詞標為不及物動詞 (INTR)，所謂的非主事者語態動詞標為及物動詞 (TR)，所謂的處所語態動詞標為處所施用動詞(LA)，所謂的受惠者/工具/伴同語態動詞標為施用動詞 (BA)。處所及受惠者/工具/伴同施用動詞皆為及物動詞。
不及物詞綴包括mi-，om-/<om>，ma-三個不及物詞綴，彼此表現互補的意義。分別是起始，進行及終點之意思。mi- 和 om-/<om> 只能衍生成不及物動詞，但ma- 也可以衍生成及物動詞。詞綴ma- 和 ka- -an 同時可當及物和不及物。
及物動詞詞綴包括 ma- 及 –en、處所施用結構詞綴 –an、及受惠者/工具/伴同施用結構詞綴 i-。從句法特性顯示，ma- 是非典型及物動詞詞綴，主要表示靜態的終點，但 -en 表現及物動詞的特性，是典型及物動詞詞綴。
雅美語動詞價位轉換包含三種：論元數目改變 (論元減少或增加)，論元數目不變，但語法關係改變，和及物與不及物動詞之間的轉換。
雅美語使用三種機制形成使役結構，即詞彙，構詞及句法。其中以使役結構詞綴 pa- 使用最廣。典型的使役結構，表達使役者有意圖地，以直接或間接方式，引起使役的事件。非典型的使役結構，如標有詞綴 ma-、ka- -an、i-、i-paci-、 及i-paka- 的形式，指被使役者被動地表現一種行為或造成一種狀態。使役結構 pa-動詞會形成直接或間接使役事件的關鍵在於pa-動詞是否有相對等的使役動詞形式。原則上，pi- 及 pa- 的動詞形式，在動詞功能、衍生關係、分佈、論元結構、及表現直接或間接使役事件等方面，皆有差異性。
雅美語有典型的及非典型的施用結構。典型的施用結構，包含受惠者、伴同、
工具、及處所、目標、來源、接受者等施用結構，其動詞詞綴引介一個新的論元。
非典型的施用結構，不引進新論元，如 給予的動詞，並非由不及物句衍生而來
本身即是及物句，又如 語意角色為客體和受事者之句子。以及物性而言, 典型
的施用結構皆由不及物句衍生成為及物句。
本文根據Levin (1993)之及物和雙及物變換句型探討雅美語的三元述語的論元體現。雅美語的三元述語動詞可以帶著施用結構詞綴或及物動詞詞綴，以施用結構形式標示受惠者或工具論元，以及物動詞形式標示客體。本文發現雅美語沒有雙賓結構，三個論元有一個必須以斜格或處所格出現。雅美語為作格語言-及物句的賓語和不及物句的主格標記相同。雅美語的二元及物句有作格名詞組與黏著作格代名詞互相呼應，一元不及物句及二元及物句有第三人稱複數自由代名詞與S/O名詞組互相呼應。
This study deals with transitivity by examining morphosyntactic and semantic properties of verbs and their derivations in Yami from typological perspectives. Yami has five transitivity classes of verb: intransitive, extended intransitive, transitive and extended transitive and ambitransitive. This thesis adopts transitivity analysis instead of the traditional focus/voice analysis based on two reasons. First, the so-called voice markers increase the valence of a verb. Second, the so-called voice markers create meaning shift. The so-called voice markers are treated as transitivity markers in this study.
Intransitive affixes such as mi-, om-/<om>, and ma- represent three complementary semantics. The affix mi- refers to an inchoative action; om-/<om> expresses on-going action or state; ma- indicates a result state. The affixes mi- and om-/<om> occur as intransitive verbs. The intransitive form ma- includes four subtypes: a denominal marker, a nominalizer, a habitual emotion affix, occurring with the marker -en (ma- -en), and an ambitransitive.
Transitive affixes include ma- and -en, and the applicative affixes -an and i-. The transitive form ma- does not occur with an agent-oriented adverbial or an instrumental phrase, which is regarded as a non-canonical transitive verb. The main function of the transitive form ma- is to express a telic result state. By contrast, the transitive form -en exhibits typical transitive properties and is regarded as a canonical transitive form.
Yami employs three types of valency-related derivations: valency-changing including valency-reducing and valency-increasing, valency-transposing and valency-encoding derivations.
Yami uses three causative mechanisms to express causative constructions: lexical, morphological and periphrastic, among which the morphological affix pa- is the most productive. Canonical causative verbs express that a volitional causer is, either directly or indirectly, involved in bringing about a causative event while non-canonical causative verbs imply that a causee is passively caused to perform an action or achieve a state. The correlation between the causative morpheme pa- /pi- and the causation type i.e. direct or indirect depends on whether the Yami language has the corresponding causative form or not. The forms pi- and pa- exhibit different properties with respect to derivation, distribution, argument structure and relations to causation types.
There are two applicative affixes i- and -an in Yami. Canonical applicative
constructions promote a peripheral argument to an absolutive argument indicating
semantic roles such as benefactive, comitative, instrumental, cause, percept, causand, location, recipient, goal and source while non-canonical applicative constructions, e.g. the ‘give’-type verb, do not.
A triadic verb that can take an applicative affix and a transitive affix will mark a beneficiary/ instrument argument in its applicative form and an absolutive theme in its transitive form. The encoding of a triadic event in Yami is normally by employing a transitive or applicative device. Yami does not have double object constructions. A triadic verb in Yami usually involves two core arguments and an oblique or a locative argument.
Yami is an ergative language. The third person bound ergative pronouns agree in person, number and case with the ergative-marked NP in dyadic transitive clauses. There is also a free third person plural absolutive pronoun semantically agreeing with the absolutive-marked NP in monadic intransitive and dyadic transitive clauses.
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