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題名：焦逃配未婚伴侶在沙盤遊戲評估會談中的關係模式與互動經驗研究
作者：程威銓
作者(外文)：Cheng Wei-Chuan
校院名稱：國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱：輔導與諮商學系
指導教授：黃宗堅
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2023
主題關鍵詞：伴侶諮商；伴侶評估；伴侶沙盤；依附理論；焦逃配；陰影；榮格心理學；象徵；隱喻；個體化；Couple Counseling；Couple Assessment；Couple Sandplay；Attachment Theory；Anxious-Avoidant Relationships；Shadow；Jungian Psychology；Symbol；Metaphor；Individuation
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近十年來華人親密關係評估研究面臨多項挑戰。首先，過去的研究方法主要侷限於訪談法與問卷法，這兩種方法著重於意識層次的理解，但對於潛意識層次的互動模式與經驗資料的捕捉相對困難。其次，過往的理論框架並未全面考慮伴侶之間的互動複雜性，尤其是如何影響伴侶之間的互動模式及其影響力，如何將來自原生家庭、依附關係的經驗和互動模式相結合。最後，過往研究對於焦逃配伴侶的瞭解和評估，並未充分闡明其對於自身互動模式的認識與反思，也未能提供針對性的介入方案來改善他們的關係狀態。
本研究針對焦慮―逃避依附配對（焦逃配）未婚異性戀伴侶的互動經驗及關係模式進行深度探索，並突破以往的研究困境，運用象徵與隱喻的方法深入捕捉關係互動資料的潛意識層次，創新地使用沙盤遊戲作為研究媒介，透過七次主題式的會談，充分了解伴侶間的互動狀態如何受到原生家庭、依附關係經驗等因素影響，並捕捉到這些不易以傳統方式量測的資訊。
在研究方法上，本研究秉持建構主義的觀點，並採用主題分析法。在七次主題式的會談中，研究者透過沙盤遊戲作為媒介，採取質性研究的方式收集資料，包括（1）第一次會談：簡單寒暄場構，進行前測量表，介紹沙盤室設備（2）第二次會談：邀請雙方自物件櫃中選出最喜歡、最討厭的物件各三樣，伴侶雙方共同將12樣物件共同擺放在沙盤當中（共同使用一個沙盤）；（3）第三次會談：在靜心、調整呼吸，閉眼觸碰、撫摸沙子之後，於沙盤上擺出內心的聲音（各自使用一個沙盤）。（4）第四次會談：訪談家系圖，了解雙方的家人對兩人的相處模式有何影響，並將家人們用物件各自代表，置於沙盤上適合的位置（各自使用一個沙盤）（5）第五次會談：雙方各自在內心想像一個世界，並且把這個世界創造出來，然後邀請對方沙盤世界的物件，來自己的沙盤世界造訪（各自使用一個沙盤）。（6）第六次會談：伴侶雙方全程禁語，共同建造一個沙盤世界，觀察兩個人的非語言交流和肢體互動（7）第七次會談：針對先前做過的沙盤進行回應和討論，並且補充可能遺落沒有收集到的資料。每次會談時間為1.5小時，前後各20分鐘為訪談討論，中間40分鐘進行伴侶沙盤遊戲。
研究結果顯示，焦逃配的未婚伴侶在沙盤遊戲評估中呈現出多種關係模式與互動經驗。這些模式和經驗反映出原生家庭的影響，如家暴經驗、遺棄感受等等，並進一步呈現了焦逃配伴侶關係模式與互動經驗的多樣性，提出十五種關係模式與十五種互動經驗，歸納出四種共通特性以及五項關係課題，以幫助治療師理解和評估伴侶關係。這項突破性的研究呈現出焦逃配未婚伴侶並不只是「一追一逃」的互動而已，還包含了更多種互動模式的組合。令研究者意外的是，本研究的目的原先是為了發展一套新的評估方式，並未進行介入與治療，但在七次的沙盤活動評估後，三對伴侶不論是在沙盤互動本身、量表分數甚至是真實的日常生活當中，都產生了質與量上的改變，由此可見此評估方式不僅捕捉了過往研究在測量上的缺口，更提供了一種可能的介入取徑。
此外，研究者發現，前述的關係模式與互動經驗不能單以依附理論、家族治療理論、創傷理論以及隱喻象徵等角度來解釋，各個理論和取向都有其解釋上面的優勢和限制，是故研究者嘗試發展一個新的模型「陰影轉化辯證模式」來重新框視之。該模式指出，焦逃配未婚伴侶其實是「陰影伴侶」，彼此之間並不只有衝突和摩擦，而是在每一次的互動當中，試圖去衝撞一個蛻變和轉化的可能，縱使過程遍體鱗傷，也能從中相互汲取力量。此模式不但呼應了榮格心理學當中的「陰影」與「個體化」概念，也看見了伴侶之間並不只是透過「傷口」互相吸引，更多的時候，是在對方身上看到自己所抗拒又渴望的部分，進而相遇、相知與相惜。
本文是國內第一個透過沙盤來進行伴侶評估的研究，不僅提供了一種結合意識和潛意識層次的評估模式，也拓展治療者對於焦慮逃避配偶伴侶關係模式和互動經驗的全面性理解，並且綜合多元理論提供一針對性的評估方向，突破了過往依附與沙盤等相關領域的研究結果，為伴侶沙盤治療提供了有效的支持和解決方案。
關鍵詞：伴侶諮商、伴侶評估、伴侶沙盤、依附理論、焦逃配、陰影、榮格心理學、象徵、隱喻、個體化
In the past decade, Chinese intimate relationship assessment research has faced several challenges. Firstly, past research methods were mainly limited to interviews and questionnaires, which emphasized understanding at the conscious level but found it relatively difficult to capture data on unconscious interaction patterns and experiences. Secondly, previous theoretical frameworks did not fully consider the complexity of interactions between couples, especially how they impact interaction patterns and their influences, and how experiences and interaction patterns from the original family and attachment relationships are integrated. Finally, previous research on the understanding and evaluation of anxious-avoidant relationship couples did not fully elucidate their awareness and reflection on their own interaction patterns and did not provide targeted intervention programs to improve their relationship status.
This study deeply explores the interaction experiences and relationship patterns of unmarried heterosexual couples with anxious-avoidant attachment pairings (anxious-avoidant pairs), breaks through the dilemmas of past research, and captures the unconscious level of relationship interaction data using symbolic and metaphorical methods. The innovative use of sandplay as a research medium, through seven thematic conversations, fully understands how the interaction status between couples is affected by factors such as the original family and attachment relationship experiences, and captures this information that is not easily measurable in traditional ways.
In terms of research methods, this study adheres to a constructivist perspective and uses thematic analysis. In seven thematic discussions, the researcher uses sandplay as a medium and collects data using qualitative research methods. The research process involves seven steps, each lasting 1.5 hours, with 20-minute discussions before and after and 40 minutes of couple sandplay.
The results of the study showed that unmarried anxious-avoidant pairs demonstrated various relationship patterns and interaction experiences in sandplay assessments. These patterns and experiences reflect the influence of the original family, such as experiences of domestic violence and feelings of abandonment, and further present the diversity of relationship patterns and interaction experiences of anxious-avoidant pairs, proposing fifteen relationship patterns and fifteen interaction experiences, summarizing four common characteristics and five relationship issues to help therapists understand and assess couple relationships. Interestingly, despite the original aim of the study to develop a new assessment method rather than implementing interventions and treatments, qualitative changes occurred in all three couples after seven sandplay activity evaluations, whether in sandplay interactions, scale scores, or even real daily life.
Furthermore, the researcher found that the aforementioned relationship patterns and interaction experiences could not be explained solely from the perspectives of attachment theory, family therapy theory, trauma theory, and symbolic metaphors. Each theoretical approach has its advantages and limitations in interpretation. Therefore, the researcher attempted to develop a new model, the "Shadow Transformation Dialectic Model" to reframe them. The model suggests that anxious-avoidant unmarried couples are actually "shadow couples", trying to initiate a possibility of transformation and metamorphosis in each interaction, even if the process is full of injuries, they can draw strength from each other. This model not only resonates with the concepts of "shadow" and "individuation" in Jungian psychology but also sees that couples not only attract each other through "wounds", but often see the parts they resist yet long for in each other, thus encountering, knowing, and cherishing each other.
This study is the first in the country to use sandplay for couple assessment. It not only provides an assessment model combining conscious and subconscious levels, but also expands the comprehensive understanding of therapists on the relationship patterns and interaction experiences of anxious- avoidant couples. It integrates multiple theories to provide a targeted assessment direction, breaking through the results of previous research related to attachment and sandplay and providing effective support and solutions for sandplay therapy for couples.
Keywords：Couple Counseling, Couple Assessment, Couple Sandplay, Attachment Theory, Anxious-Avoidant Pairing, Shadow, Jungian Psychology, Symbol, Metaphor, Individuation
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