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題名：總統制是可取的制度嗎﹖
書刊名：政治科學論叢
作者：彭錦鵬 引用關係
作者(外文)：Peng, Thomas Ching-peng
出版日期：2001
卷期：14
頁次：頁75-105
主題關鍵詞：憲法；總統制；內閣制；Constitution；Presidentialism；Presidential systems；Parliamentary；Systems
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(8) 博士論文(5) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:7
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:153
　　　　　憲政制度的選擇不僅影響政組織的運作能力，也決定政黨、選舉制度、政治人物的互動型態。過去兩百多年總統制國家的行憲經驗顯示，美國是總統制成功的唯一案例。二次大戰後維持持續性民主政治的二十一國中，也只有美國是純總統制。總統制的優點是選民對國家領袖可明確辨認，政府的行政，立法部門任期確定，因而政府穩定，變動較少。但是總統制的三大特點導致了許多憲政僵局與弊病，是無法在總統制的憲政架構中尋求解決的。一是雙元選舉所產生的雙元民主正當性及因之而造成課責不明確的問題。二是政府首長與國會皆固定任期，一旦行政立法形成僵局時，並無解決機制。三是總統的雙元代表性，集中了任用權，導致搬野政治人物經驗傳承的中斷，不利政治持續性。憲政經編性研究證實，總統制與民主鞏固的負面現象相關度較高，而在政經政之正面成就方面則比內閣制為差。本文檢討美國總統制成功而拉丁美洲國家則都失敗的原因，並質疑我國未來修憲時應朝總統制方向考慮。
　　　　　A country's constitutional framework preconditions the capability of its government. It also influences the interaction among parties, electoral systems, and politicians. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the U.S. is the only presidential country that has maintained a continuous democracy for the past two centuries. Juan Linz identifies two characteristics of presidentialism as the causes of the failure of presidential systems: dual democratic legitimacy and rigidity. This paper expands Linz's observation to explain the institutional flaws of presidentialism: dual elections, fixed terms for the president and congress, and dual representation of the president. A variety of institutional impacts of presidentialism are discussed. In addition, the reasons why the U.S. presidential system is successful and those of Latin American countries are not are explored. Finally, the paper casts doubt on the idea that presidential system should be considered a preferable alternative for future constitutional reform in Taiwan.
期刊論文
1.Ackerman, Bruce(2000)。The New Separation of Powers。Harvard Law Review，113(3)，633-729。  new window
2.Riggs, Fred W.(1997)。Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy。International Political Science Review，18(3)，253-279。  new window
3.Massicotte, L.、Blais, A.(1999)。Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey。Electoral Studies，18(3)，341-366。  new window
4.Rosenbloom, David H.(1983)。Public Administration Theory and the Separation of Powers。Public Administration Review，43(3)，219-227。  new window
5.Stepan, Alfred、Skach, Cindy(1993)。Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism。World Politics，46(1)，1-22。  new window
6.Riggs, Fred W.(1991)。Public Administration: A Comparativist Framework。Public Administration Review，51(6)，473-477。  new window
7.Blais, Andre、Massicotte, Louis、Dobrzynska, Agnieszka(1997)。Direct Presidential Elections: A World Summary。Electoral Studies，16(4)，441-455。  new window
8.Blondel, Jean、Suarez, Waldino(1981)。Las Limitaciones Institucionales del Sistema Presidencialista。Criteria，1853-1854，57-70。  new window
9.Mainwaring, Scott(1991)。Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective。Comparative Politics，24(1)，21-43。  new window
10.Lowenstein, Karl(1949)。The Presidency Outside the United States: A Study in Comparative Political Institutions。Journal of Politics，11(3)，447-496。  new window
11.Riggs, Fred W.(1988)。The Survival of Presidentialism in America。International Political Science Review，9(4)，247-278。  new window
12.Riggs, Fred W.(1994)。Bureaucracy and the Constitution。Public Administration Review，54(1)，65-72。  new window
13.Rosenbloom, David H.、Segal, Zeev(1998)。Presidential Political Systems and Contemporary Administrative Reform: Israel's 'Semi-Presidentialism' as a Natural Experiment。International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior，1(4)，437-458。  new window
14.Suarez, Waldino(1982)。El Poder Ejecutivo en America Latina: Su Capacidad Operativa Bajo Regimenes Presidencialistas de Gobierno。Revista de Estudios Politicos，29，109-144。  new window
會議論文
1.王業立(2000)。總統直選對憲政運作之影響。「九七修憲與憲政發展」學術研討會，財團法人國家政策研究基金會與臺北大學選舉研究中心主辦 (會議日期: 2000年12月9日)。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.吳玉山(2000)。合作還是對立？半總統制府會分立下的憲政運作。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
3.李念祖(2000)。憲政主義與民主鞏固－論我國雙首長制憲法對於政治部門的控制。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Duverger, Maurice(1964)。Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State。Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State。London, UK：Lowe and Brydone。  new window
2.Blondel, Jean、Muller-Rommel, F.(1997)。Cabinets in Western Europe。New York：St. Martin's Press。  new window
3.Taylor, John、Coleman, Stephen、van de Donk, Wim B. H. J.(1999)。Parliament in the Age of the Internet。Hansard Society Series in Politics and Government。New York, NY：Oxford University Press in association with the Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government。  new window
4.Mainwaring, Scott、Shugart, Matthew S.(1997)。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin American。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Lane, Jan-Erik、Ersson, Svante O.(2000)。The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes。Routledge。  new window
6.Linz, Juan J.、Valenzuela, Arturo(1994)。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives。Baltimore, Maryland：Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
7.Weaver, K. R.、Rockman, B. A.(1993)。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, D.C.：The Brookings Institution。  new window
8.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
9.何思因(1993)。美英日提名制度與黨紀。臺北：理論與政策雜誌社。  延伸查詢new window
10.Lijphart, Arend(1984)。Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries。Yale University Press。  new window
11.Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。The Performance of Presidents and Prime Ministers and of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD。  new window
12.(1992)。美國國會之制度與運作。美國國會之制度與運作。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
13.盧瑞鍾(1995)。內閣制優越論。內閣制優越論。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
14.(1999)。Constitutional Reform: The Labour Government's Constitutional Reform Agenda。Constitutional Reform: The Labour Government's Constitutional Reform Agenda。New York, NY。  new window
15.Derbyshire, J. Denis、Derbyshire, Ian(1989)。Political Systems of the World。Political Systems of the World。Edinburgh, UK。  new window
16.(1998)。Constitutional Stupidities, Constitutional Tragedies。Constitutional Stupidities, Constitutional Tragedies。New York, NY。  new window
17.(1997)。Modern Systems of Government: Exploring the Role of Bureaucrats and Politicians。Modern Systems of Government: Exploring the Role of Bureaucrats and Politicians。Thousand Oaks, CA。  new window
18.Gamarra, Eduardo A.(1997)。Hybrid Presidentialism and Democratization: The Case of Bolivia。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。New York, NY。  new window
19.Maddex, Robert L.(1995)。Constitutions of the World。Constitutions of the World。Washington, DC。  new window
20.Meny, Yves、Knapp, Andrew(1998)。Government and Politics in Western Europe: Britain, France, Italy, Germany。Government and Politics in Western Europe: Britain, France, Italy, Germany。New York, NY。  new window
21.O'Connor, Karen、Sabato, Larry J.(2000)。American Government: Continuity and Change。American Government: Continuity and Change。New York, NY。  new window
22.Ornstein, Norman J.、Mann, Thomas E.、Malbin, Michael J.(1998)。Vital Statistics on Congress: 1997-1998。Washington, DC：Congressional Quarterly Inc.。  new window
23.Ruffing-Hilliard, Karen(1991)。Merit Reform in Latin America。Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration。沒有紀錄。  new window
24.(2000)。The Statesman's Yearbook: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World。The Statesman's Yearbook: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World。New York, NY。  new window
25.United States Office of Personnel Management(1999)。Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics: Employment and Trends as of January 1999。Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics: Employment and Trends as of January 1999。Washington, DC。  new window
26.(1997)。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD。  new window
圖書論文
1.Archer, Ronald、Shugart, Matthew S(1997)。Presidential Dominance in Colombia。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Linz, Juan J.(1997)。Introduction: Some Thoughts on Presidentialism in Postcommunist Europe。Postcommunist Presidents。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Shugart, Matthew Soberg、Mainwaring, Scott(1997)。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.施能傑(1996)。政務職位體制的運用：歐美經驗及其啟示。文官體制之比較研究。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。  延伸查詢new window
5.彭錦鵬(1989)。美國總統交替時期之政治任命。美國總統制之運作。台北：中研院歐美研究所。  延伸查詢new window
6.Linz, Juan J.(1994)。Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Differnce?。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspective。Baltimore：John Hopkins University Press。  new window
7.Lijphart, Arend(1994)。Presidentialism and Majoritarian Democracy: Theoretical Observations。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives。Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
8.Peters, B. Guy(1997)。The Separation of Powers in Parliamentary Systems。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
9.Von Mettenheim, Kurt、Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。Presidential Institutions, Democracy, and Comparative Politics。Presidential Institutions and Democracy Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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