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題名:Public Trust, Commercialization, and Benefit Sharing in Biobanking
書刊名:臺北大學法學論叢
作者:劉宏恩 引用關係
作者(外文):Liu, Hung-en
出版日期:2005
卷期:57
頁次:頁367-393
主題關鍵詞:基因資料庫生物銀行族群隱私歧視告知後同意自主利益衝突角色衝突利益分享產業商業原住民公眾信賴利益共享聯合國研究倫理Genetic databaseBiobankGeneEthnicPrivacyDiscriminationInformed consentAutonomyConflict of interestBenefit sharingIndustryCommercialIndigenousPublic trustUnited NationsUNESCOBioethicsResearch ethics
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為了促進生物醫學及生技產業發展,「建置台灣基因資料庫(Taiwan Biobbank)」目前已經成為我國政府重點推動的大型研究計畫之一,未來預計要蒐集台灣地區20萬名以上40至60歲民眾的血液檢體及基因資訊,並同時蒐集這些民眾的生活習慣資料、身體健康資料,再予以長期追蹤至少十年以上;追蹤調查期間,還希望透過戶籍系統、全民健保資料庫、以及調閱這些民眾就醫的病歷資料,來研究這些民眾的健康變化及罹患疾病等情形,以瞭解基因與一般常見疾病之間的關係,並進一步探究台灣地區閩南人、客家人及原住民在基因與罹病上的族群差異。由於這樣的大型人群基因資料庫,可能會對參與的民眾帶來個人自主性及隱私等權益上的影響,在群體層次也有可能帶來族群標籤化或歧視,因此在各國都引發許多討論與爭議。大部分的焦點,主要集中在採集檢體前應取得民眾的告知後同意,以及對於民眾個人資料與基因資訊應有隱私保護及保密機制等問題上。但是,本文試圖從另外一個角度切入,將焦點集中在此類研究的另一個特色上:產業界的參與和商業介入。 世界上幾個主要的人群基因資料庫計畫,雖然政府都有提供資金、或是提供行政立法上的支援,但是同時也都有產業界的參與和商業公司加入。我國的台灣基因資料庫研究計畫也不例外。本計畫在規劃之初,便有許多民間的商業公司積極參與和推動;而且正如中研院今年七月所提出的企劃書中所述:在未來的執行、以及資料庫建置完成後的利用過程中,產業界勢必也將加入。因為事實上,促進生技產業及資訊產業發展,正是行政院科技顧問組規劃此一研究計畫的重要目標,而且研究過程中所需要的龐大人力、技術、資金等,往往也需要由民間的商業公司支援提供。並且,未來的研究發現若要轉化為實際的醫藥產品或器材技術,通常也需要有產業界的協助,才有辦法使其具有應用性和普及性。所以,產業界的參與和商業介入,在人群基因資料庫的研究當中,幾乎是勢所難免。 但是,另外一方面,人群基因資料庫動輒需要數十萬民眾提供檢體和個人資料,而且利用到公部門的資金等公共資源來加以進行,因此,民眾的參與意願、公眾支持及公眾信賴,往往對於此類研究的成敗居於舉足輕重的地位。若是依照台灣的生醫研究人員以往的作法,並參照中研院目前提出的企劃書中所述,台灣基因資料庫未來可能會透過以下方式來順利招募足夠的民眾參與:(1)對民眾表示可順便接受免費的身體健康檢查,以增添民眾參與研究的動機;(2)向民眾宣導基因研究可促進醫學進步及國人健康的價值,訴諸民眾的公益心及利他心,並在「告知後同意」的同意書當中,向民眾保證「所收集到的資料和檢體將只提供作為學術用途」,請民眾踴躍提供檢體;(3)透過與地方醫療院所及醫師合作,來蒐集民眾檢體,取得民眾信任。對於以上幾種招募民眾參與的方式,本文試圖從研究倫理上加以分析,並特別從前述「產業界的參與和商業介入勢所難免」的脈絡出發,討論基因資料庫研究當中可能出現的「利益衝突」(conflict of interest)及醫生的角色衝突等問題,並檢討研究者一方面對民眾訴諸公益心和利他心、保證僅供學術用途,但另一方面卻又明明有產業利益和商業化利用的事實,這兩者之間似乎呈現的矛盾,以及其對公眾信賴和公眾支持可能帶來的傷害。本文並藉由台灣及國外已經發生過的若干生物醫學研究實例、甚至訴訟,來檢討相關作法可能衍生的問題。 本文主張:研究者不宜任意使用「免費提供體檢」來引誘民眾提供檢體,使民眾心中混淆研究者蒐集檢體的目的及相關風險:研究者應該在蒐集檢體之前,便讓民眾清楚瞭解產業界參與及商業公司將會利用資料庫的事實,不能輕率訴諸(甚至利用)民眾的公益心和利他心;基因資料庫研究當中,研究者自身的利益衝突、或是其所合作的醫療院所及醫師的利益衝突,應該予以正視,並透過「公開」等機制加以控制。以上的研究倫理的要求,應優先由研究者設法透過自律來達成,但若是不然,在必要的範圍內,為了保障民眾權益,亦可能有透過法律加以規定的需要。本文並且主張:聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)的宣言、世界衛生組織(WHO)的報告近年來所一再強調的,研究者及產業界應讓參與基因資料庫研究的民眾所屬的社會或族群得到「利益共享」(benefit sharing)此一原則,應可適度平衡「要求民眾基於公益而提供檢體」以及「產業界勢將參與並將衍生商業利益」兩者問疑似呈現的矛盾,可以符合分配正義及互惠的要求,並可促進公眾的信賴與支持。而此一社會整體「利益共享」的原則,未來或可透過資料庫的管理者與申請使用者之間的契約來加以達成,或是參考國外的例子以法律加以規定。
Many countries have launched ambitious biobank projects that are backed by government agencies and/or public funding. Taiwan’s government has also recently decided to sponsor a pilot biobank project conducted by the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. The pilot project is expected to develop a national-level biomedical database that will store blood samples, genetic information derived from them, and personal lifestyle information, with linkage to health data and medical records, collected from 200,000 people aged 40-70 in three areas in Taiwan. Different combinations of ethnic groups, Fukien, Hukka, and indigenous people, are targeted for collection of biological samples. Biobank projects of this magnitude need a lot of funding, logistic support and technical collaboration, and therefore the public sector increasingly depends on private industry to fund and participate in the research. However, while commercial involvement is almost inevitable, it is expected that biobank projects will benefit the society as a whole in terms of improving healthcare services and medical knowledge. Participant recruitment and sample collections usually appeal to the goodwill and altruism of individual donors. Considering the large number of participants needed, and given that these projects are backed by public funding and/or government agencies, there is a general consensus that the success of biobank research greatly depends on public trust and support. This article suggests that we should attend to issues that derive from the tension between commercial involvement and the appeal to altruism of the public, because many people have misgivings about commercial involvement in biomedical research. It is understandable that donors may feel betrayed or even cheated if they find that researchers or private companies appeal to altruism to collect their samples/data on the one hand, but make profit and do not actually return a reasonable portion of the profit to the public on the other. In addition to its possible adverse effects on public trust, the commercial involvement may harm scientific integrity too. This article argues that the public sector’s increasing dependence on private enterprise to fund and participate in biobank research provides new opportunities for conflict of interest to arise. Also, it examined the past practices of biomedical research and controversies concerning tissue sample collection in Taiwan. Finally, the gradually emerging legal requirement of benefit sharing in genetic research in international law is discussed. The author argues that benefit sharing with populations involved is essential if the tension between commercial involvement and the appeal to altruism is to be resolved or lessened in an acceptable way, and public trust and support to be ensured.
期刊論文
1.Campbell, Eric G.(2002)。Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence from a National Survey。Journal of American Medical Association,287(4),473-480。  new window
2.Petersen, Alan(2005)。Securing our genetic health: engendering trust in UK Biobank。Sociology of Health & Illness,27(2),271-292。  new window
3.劉宏恩(20040600)。冰島設立全民醫療及基因資料庫之法律政策評析--論其經驗及爭議對我國之啟示。臺北大學法學論叢,54,41-43+45-99。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Kaiser, Jocelyn(2002)。Population Databases Boom, From Iceland to the U. S.。Science,298,1158-1161。  new window
5.蔡甫昌(2004)。基因治療的倫理議題。臺北市醫師公會會刊,48(3),35-39。  延伸查詢new window
6.Austin, Melissa A.(2003)。Genebanks: A Comparison of Eight Proposed International Genetic Databases。Community Genetics,6,37-37。  new window
7.Greely, Henry T.(2000)。Greely, Iceland's Plan for Genomics Research: Facts and Implication。Jurimetrics Journal,40。  new window
8.Hansson, M. G.(2005)。Building on Relationships of Trust in Biobank Research。Journal of Medical Ethics,31,415-415。  new window
9.Bekelman, Justin E.(2003)。Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research。Journal of American Medical Association,289,454-454。  new window
10.DeAngelis, Catherine D.(2000)。Conflict of Interest and the Public Trust。Journal of American Medical Association,284,2237-2237。  new window
11.Williams, Garrath、Schroeder, Doris(2004)。Human Genetic Banking: Altruism, Benefit and Consent。New Genetics and Society,23,89-89。  new window
12.American Association of Medical Colleges(2003)。Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress。Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges,78,225-225。  new window
13.Smith, John、Henderson, Jennifer(2002)。Financial Conflict of Interest in Medical Research: Overview and Analysis of Federal and State Controls。Food and Drug Law Journal,57,445。  new window
14.Steinbrook, Robert(2004)。Conflicts of Interest at the NIH - Resolving the Problem。New England Journal of Medicine,351,955-955。  new window
15.Caulfield, Timothy、Griener, Glenn(2002)。Conflicts of Interests in Clinical Research: Addressing the Issue of Physician Remuneration。Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics,30,305-305。  new window
16.Anderlik, Mary R.(2003)。Commercial Biobanks and Genetic Research: Ethical and Legal Issues。American Journal of Pharmacogenomics,3(3),203-215。  new window
17.Byers, Jacqueline、Smith, Lynne(2002)。Gene Therapy in the Post-gelsinger Era。JONA's Healthcare Law, Ethics & Regulation,4,104-104。  new window
18.Knoppers, Bartha Maria(2000)。Population Genetics and Benefit Sharing。Community Genetics,3。  new window
會議論文
1.戴華(2005)。Informed Consent and Benefit Sharing in the Context of Biobanking。0。  new window
2.周桂田(2005)。Risk Governance of Biobank。0。  new window
圖書
1.Krimsky, Sheldon(2003)。Science in the Private Interest。Science in the Private Interest。0。  new window
2.Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica(2002)。Manual for Coordinators' Training in the Super Control Study 76。Manual for Coordinators' Training in the Super Control Study 76。0。  new window
其他
1.Yeo, Michael(2004)。Biobank Research: The Conflict between Privacy and Access Made Explicit,0。  new window
2.Sheremeta, Lorraine(2003)。Population Biobanking in Canada: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues,0。  new window
3.Association of American Universities(2001)。Report on Individual and Institutional Financial Conflict of Interest,0。  new window
4.Deschênes, Mylène,Cardinal, Geneviève(2003)。Survey of National Approaches to the Development of Population Genetic Biobanks。  new window
 
 
 
 
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