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題名:冰島設立全民醫療及基因資料庫之法律政策評析--論其經驗及爭議對我國之啟示
書刊名:臺北大學法學論叢
作者:劉宏恩 引用關係
作者(外文):Liu, Hung-en
出版日期:2004
卷期:54
頁次:頁41-43+45-99
主題關鍵詞:基因資料庫生物銀行冰島病歷醫療紀錄告知後同意隱私權利益衝突Genetic variationPopulationDatabaseBiobankDNAMedical recordsdeCODEIcelandInformed consentPrivacyConflict of interest
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(29) 博士論文(1) 專書(1) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:28
  • 共同引用共同引用:26
  • 點閱點閱:157
我國政府於日前正式宣佈:將推動建立台灣的人群基因資料庫,論者並曾引用冰島的例子做為參考範例,但是其對於冰島相關立法及政策的理解卻是嚴重錯誤。有鑑於此,本文希望能夠比較有系統地介紹冰島相關立法的背景、內容、以及其所引發的爭議,使未來我國的相關討論能夠奠基於比較正確的資訊上。 許多人誤以為冰島曾經立法建立一個所謂的「全民基因資料庫」,但事實上冰島國會於1998年通過的「衛生部門資料庫法」只是希望建立一個大型、集中、單一的「全民醫療記錄資料庫」而已,雖然建立這個資料庫的目的是希望以之與基因資料庫及族譜資料相互連結、交叉比對,以尋找導致疾病的基因,但是基因資料庫並不在該法規範之列。「衛生部門資料庫法」在冰島國內及國外受到相當多的質疑與批評,一方面因為該法授權單一的私人營利組織取得排他性的地位來建置經營前述的醫療記錄資料庫,並且允許該營利組織得利用該資料庫來取得商業利益,如此有可能會造成利益衝突以及研究資源被壟斷而無法充分利用的問題;另一方面,該法直接推定己具備民眾的同意,所以除非個別民眾申請「選擇退出」,其病歷等資料將可被逕行納入資料庫中,如此顯然有連醫學研究中對於「告知後同意」的要求,可能侵及被研究者的個人自主性及尊嚴。除了上述立法之外,冰島於2000年另外制定了「生物銀行法」來規範基因或人體組織樣本資料庫,但是該法的主要目的是在保護民眾權益,而非建立一個單一集中的基因資料庫,因此生物銀行可以由不同的研究者或業者分別建立,但對於組織樣本的蒐集及利用,必須要取得樣本提供者明白的「告知後同意」,這一點要求在涉及基因研究的情形尤其嚴格。 依據「衛生部門資料庫法」獲得授權,可獨家建置全民醫療記錄資料庫的deCODE公司,事實上其建置的過程並不順利。雖然deCODE獲得授權已經超過四年,但由於許多冰島醫師及醫療院所的拒絕合作,該公司始終無法真正開始該資料庫的運作。目前deCODE的人群基因研究仍然是在取得自願參與的民眾其個別同意後才能進行,並沒有因為「衛生部門資料庫法」的制定及授權而有不同。甚至,冰島最高法院已在2003年11月判決該法因為違反隱私權保障的規定而違憲。冰島的經驗告訴我們:設置及利用醫療記錄資料庫或基因資料庫進行人群研究時,必須注意對於民眾隱私、安全、及利益分享的保護,並必須取得社會的信任與支持,否則將可能因為倫理及法律的爭議而受阻滯。
In 2000, the government of Iceland authorized a private, for-profit company, deCODE genetics, to construct a database of the population’s medical records. Medical records of all individuals are included in the database unless he or she “optsout” of the system by notifying the authorities concerned. In fact, Iceland is the first country in the world to construct a database of this magnitude, and there have been many controversies- both national and international- over it. This research presents the background for this project in Iceland, the terms of the law authorizing the database, and the problems of the law and its implementation. This research then discusses some heated controversies over the law, including the necessity of building the database, commercialization and its effects on other research, lack of informed consent, and risks to privacy. In Taiwan, the government has announced its plan to construct a population genetic database. Many scholars and commentators have suggested the Icelandic model, but no one has ever thoroughly reviewed and evaluated the Icelandic experience. This research will evaluate both the “law in books” and the “law in action” with regard to the databases in Iceland, then asking some policy questions for Taiwan’s similar plans on this kind of databases in the future. It concludes that the Icelandic model may not be a good precedent, but there are still some things we can learn from the controversial experience.
期刊論文
1.Greely, H. T.(2000)。Iceland's Plan for Genomics Research: Facts and Implications。Jurimetrics Journal,40,153-191。  new window
2.劉承慶、劉承愚(20030200)。人體組織應用於生物科技之管制法令與財產權。月旦法學,93,254-269。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Heller, M. A.、Eisenberg, R. S.(1998)。Can patents deter Innovation?。Science,280,671-698。  new window
4.劉宏恩(2003)。「書本中的法律」(Law in Books)與「事實運作中的法律」(Law in Action)。月旦法學,94,282-287。  延伸查詢new window
5.蔡明誠(20021000)。基因檢測受試者保護和相關問題與規範之研究。生物科技與法律研究通訊,16,6-82。  延伸查詢new window
6.International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium(2001)。Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome。Nature,409,860-921。  new window
7.顏厥安(20020100)。財產、人格,還是資訊?論人類基因的法律地位。國立臺灣大學法學論叢,31(1),1-44。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.楊秀儀(19991100)。誰來同意?誰作決定?--從「告知後同意法則」談病人自主權的理論與實際:美國經驗之考察。臺灣法學會學報,20,367-406。  延伸查詢new window
9.Venter, J. C.、Adams, M. D.、Myers, E. W.(2001)。The Sequence of the Human Genome。Science,291,1304-1350。  new window
10.胡湘玲(2003)。誰的「生命藍圖」?後基因體時代的蛋白體學。科學發展月刊,366。  延伸查詢new window
11.李尚仁(2004)。英國基因改造作物爭議。科學發展月刊,374。  延伸查詢new window
12.Merryman, J. H.(1998)。Comparative Law Scholarship。Hastings International and Comparative Law Review,21(4),771-784。  new window
13.Jones, D.(2001)。The Meaning of Junk。Nature,413。  new window
14.Howard, K.(2002)。Stringing Along。Scientific American,287,26-27。  new window
15.Lewis, R.(2003)。A Genetic Checkup: Lessons from Huntington Disease and Cystic Fibrosis。Scientist,17。  new window
16.Kiberstis, P.、Roberts, L.(2002)。It's Not Just the Genes。Science,296。  new window
17.Willett, W. C.(2002)。Balancing Life-Style and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention。Science,296,695-698。  new window
18.Hagmann, Michael(2000)。U. K. Plans Major Medical DNA Database。Science,287,1184。  new window
19.Kaiser, Jocelyn(2002)。Population Databases Boom, From Iceland to the U. S.。Science,298,1158-1161。  new window
20.Gallagher, Richard(2003)。Individuality and Medicine。Scientist,17,6。  new window
21.Oddsson, D.(2001)。Iceland's Eurosceptic Leader。Economist。  new window
22.Erickson, A. K.(2003)。Ethnicity Puts Clinical Trials to the Test。Nature Medicine,9。  new window
23.Sigurdsson, S.(2001)。Yin-Yang Genetics, or the HSD deCODE Controversy。New Genetics and Society,20,103-117。  new window
24.Gulcher, J. R.、Stefansson, K.(2000)。The Icelandic Healthcare Databases and Informed Consent。New England Journal of Medicine,342,1827-1830。  new window
25.Potts, J.(2002)。At Least Give the Natives Glass Beads: An Examination of the Bargain Mode between Iceland and deCODE Genetics with Implications for Global Bioprospecting。Virginia Journal of Law & Technology,7,1-40。  new window
26.Pinto, A. M.(2002)。Corporate Genomics: DeCode's Efforts at Disease Mapping in Iceland for the Advancement of Science and Profits。University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy,Fall,467-496。  new window
27.Palsson, B.、Thorgeirsson, S.(1999)。Decoding Developments in Iceland。Nature Biotechnology,17。  new window
28.Annas, G. J.(2000)。Rules for Research on Human Genetic Variation - Lessons from Iceland。New England Journal of Medicine,342,1830-1833。  new window
29.Arnason, E.(2000)。The Icelandic Healthcare Database。New England Journal of Medicine,343。  new window
30.Abbott, A.(2003)。DNA Study Deepens Rift Over Iceland's Genetic Heritage。Nature,421。  new window
31.Couch, F. J.(1997)。BRCA1 Mutations in Women Attending Clinics That Evaluate the Risk of Breast Cancer。New England Journal of Medicine,336,1409-1415。  new window
32.Couzin, J.(2003)。The Twists and Turns in BRCA's Path。Science,302,591-593。  new window
33.Erlingsson, S. J.(2002)。The Genomic Dream in Iceland (and Elsewhere) v.s. Cystic Fibrosis。GeneWatch,15,12-13。  new window
34.Arnason, E.(2000)。Genetic Homogeneity of Icelanders: Fact or Fiction?。Nature Genetics,25,373-374。  new window
35.Arnason, E.(2003)。Genetic Heterogeneity of Icelanders。Annuals of Human Genetics,67,5-16。  new window
36.Andersen, B.、Arnason, E.(1999)。Iceland's Databases is Ethically Questionable。British Medical Journal,318。  new window
37.Arnason, E.(2002)。Personal Identifiability in the Icelandic Health Database。Journal of Information, Law & Technology。  new window
38.Abbott, A.(2000)。Iceland's Doctors Rebuffed in Health Data Row。Nature,406。  new window
39.Duncan, N.(1999)。World Medical Association Opposes Icelandic Gene Database。British Medical Journal,318。  new window
圖書
1.Pollack, Robert(1997)。DNA的語言:給下一輪太平盛世的基因備忘錄。DNA的語言:給下一輪太平盛世的基因備忘錄。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
2.Hale, W. G.(1999)。生物學辭典。生物學辭典。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
3.Bishop、楊玉齡(1996)。基因聖戰。基因聖戰。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
4.Groopman、陳萱芳(2002)。第二意見。第二意見。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
5.Kumar, R.(1999)。Research Methodology。Research Methodology。London, UK。  new window
6.DeWeerdt, S. E.(2003)。What's a Genome。What's a Genome。沒有紀錄。  new window
7.Gwinn, M.、Khoury, M. J.(2003)。Epidemiologic Approach to Genetic Tests: Population-Based Data for Preventive Medicine。Human Genome Epidemiology。沒有紀錄。  new window
8.(2002)。DeCODE Was Meant to Save Lives...Now It's Destroying Them。DeCODE Was Meant to Save Lives...Now It's Destroying Them。沒有紀錄。  new window
9.European Free Trade Association(2004)。The EEA Info Kit 9。The EEA Info Kit 9。沒有紀錄。  new window
10.Jones, J. H.(1993)。Bad Blood。Bad Blood。New York, NY。  new window
11.UK Biobank(2002)。Protocol for the UK Biobank。Protocol for the UK Biobank。沒有紀錄。  new window
其他
1.Central Intelligence Agency(2003)。The World Factbook,沒有紀錄。  new window
2.National Human Genome Research Institute(2003)。International Consortium Completes Human Genome Project,沒有紀錄。  new window
3.National Human Genome Research Institute(2004)。About the Human Genome Project,沒有紀錄。  new window
4.European Free Trade Association(2004)。EFTA at a Glance: Introduction,沒有紀錄。  new window
5.deCODE genetics, Inc.(2000)。Form 10-Q to U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission,沒有紀錄。  new window
6.deCODE genetics, Inc.(2004)。Form 10-K to U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission,沒有紀錄。  new window
7.Andersen, R.(1998)。The deCODE Proposal for an Icelandic Health Database,沒有紀錄。  new window
8.deCODE Genetics(2004)。Participation,沒有紀錄。  延伸查詢new window
9.deCODE genetics, Inc.(2001)。Form 10-Q to U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission,沒有紀錄。  new window
10.Mannvernd(2004)。Opt-Outs from Icelandic Health Sector Database,沒有紀錄。  new window
11.Personuvernd - The Data Protection Authority(2004)。Excerpt from a Judgement by the Supreme Court of Iceland of November 27, 2003, Concerning the Health Sector Database (HSD),沒有紀錄。  new window
 
 
 
 
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