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題名:
Chinese Readers' Knowledge of How Chinese Orthography Represents Phonology
書刊名:
中華心理學刊
作者:
羅明
/
胡志偉
/
蔡方之
作者(外文):
Lo, Ming
/
Hue, Chih-wei
/
Tsai, Fang-zhi
出版日期:
2007
卷期:
49:4
頁次:
頁315-334
主題關鍵詞:
語言學習的統計分佈理論
;
後設語言知識
;
語音覺識
;
文字習得
;
部件表音性
;
Character pronunciation
;
Chinese character
;
Meta-linguistic awareness
;
Phonetic awareness
;
Statistical model of language learning
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
6
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(
2
)
排除自我引用:
6
共同引用:0
點閱:33
根據Shu等人(Shu, Anderson, & Wu, 2000)的研究,當一位中文讀者的識字量增多時,他能夠發展出一種被稱做表音覺識(phonetic awareness)的後設語言知識。亦即,該讀者能夠瞭解中文字構形表徵語音的原則,並根據此原則猜測生字的讀音。本研究將延續Shu等人的研究,並根據「語言學習的統計分佈理論」(statistical model of language learning;下文簡稱「統計學習理論」)進一步探討表音覺識的發展和內容。根據統計學習理論的觀點,一位語言使用者會根據其所接收到的語言訊息,建構訊息與訊息之關係的機率分配表徵。而這些機率分配不但會影響該使用者的語言行為,更代表了他對語言結構的內隱知識。本研究分析了包含於國小一到六年級的國語課本,以及一個成人字庫中的中文字。分析結果顯現,不論哪一種字庫中的左右排列雙部件字,右部件提供文字讀音訊息的機率均比左部件高。但分析也發現,左部件在約7%的左右排列雙部件字中提供字音訊息。另外,本研究發現,有一組文字不但可以成為其它中文字的部件,而且具有高表音性;亦即,當作為文字部件時,它們經常為文字讀音提供有效線索。由此觀之,中文是一種深層文字,其構形和讀音之間具有一種不完全對應的機率關係。如果統計學習理論是對的,則中文讀者會在文字學習的過程中,習得中文字之形音對應的機率關係。本研究以兩個實驗來檢驗上述的想法。實驗一以國小學童為受試者評估其識字量,並收集他們對兩類假字的標音反應。實驗結果顯示,當受試者的識字量增多時,他們會發展出下面的知識:(一)有些中文字做為部件時,具有高表音性,(二)左右排列雙部件字的右部件和左部件都可能提供字音的訊息,但右部件提供字音訊息的機率較高。在上述的知識下,本研究發現中文讀者會發展一種以右部件猜測文字讀音的便捷策略;實驗二以大學生為實驗對象,驗證了這種想法。
以文找文
Phonetic awareness refers to a Chinese reader's knowledge of the principles governing the orthography-phonology relationships in Chinese characters (Shu, Anderson, & Wu, 2000). Shu et al. suggested that a phonetically aware reader can infer the pronunciation of an unknown character from its constituent components. In particular, they observed that a Chinese reader uses the right component of a left-and-right arranged two-component character to infer the character's pronunciation. However, analysis of seven character groups used by elementary school students and adults showed that in a left-and-right arranged two-component character, both components may provide cues to its pronunciation. The analysis also found that certain simple characters have higher validity in representing phonology than others. According to the statistical model of language learning proposed by Saffran, Aslin and Newport (1996), a learner can acquire an understanding of the statistical statistical nature of linguistic input through repetitive use of the language. For Chinese characters, the mapping of orthography to phonology is imperfect and probabilistic. Thus, according to the statistical learning model, a Chinese reader needs to understand the statistical nature of the mapping between the pronunciation of a character and its components. We tested this assumption in two experiments. The participants in the first experiment were second-, fourth-, and sixth-graders. Their vocabulary sizes were assessed, and their guesses about the pronunciation of a group of pseudo-characters composed of two left-and-right arranged components were recorded. The experiment results indicate the following. (1) The so-called "position strategy" is an oversimplification of how a Chinese reader uses a character's components to infer the character's pronunciation. (2) A Chinese reader knows which simple characters are more likely to represent the phonology. (3) A Chinese reader knows the probabilities that the various components of a character represent the phonology. That is, the reader knows that the right component is more likely to provide cues to the character's pronunciation than the left component. (4) As a Chinese reader's vocabulary increases, the way he/she uses a character's components to infer the character's pronunciation may best be described as the so called "position strategy". In the second experiment, the concept of the "position strategy" was tested further and verified, using college students as the participants.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Aslin, R. N.、Saffran, J. R.、Newport, E. L.(1998)。Computation of conditional statistics by 8-month-old infants。Psychological Science,9,321-324。
2.
Calfee, R. C.、Norman, K. A.(1998)。Psychological perspectives on early reading wars: The case of phonological awareness。Teacher's College Record,100,242-275。
3.
Cheung, H.、Chen, H. C.(2004)。Early orthographic experience modifies both phonological awareness and on-line speech processing。Language and Cognitive Processes,19,1-28。
4.
Devescovi, A.、Caselli, M. C.、Marchione, D.、Pasqualetti, P.、Reilly, J.、Bates, E.(2005)。A crosslinguistic study of the relationship between grammer and lexical development。Journal of Child Development,32,759-786。
5.
Gershkoff-Stowe, L.、Smith, L. B.(1997)。A curvilinear trend in naming errors as a function of early vocabulary growth。Cognitive Psychology,34,37-71。
6.
Hazenberg, S.、Hulstun, J.(1996)。Defining a minimal receptive second-language vocabulary for non-native university students: An empirical investigation。Applied Linguistics,17,145-163。
7.
Ho, D. S. H.、Ng, T. T.、Ng, W. K.(2003)。A "radical" approach to reading development in Chinese; The role of semantic radicals and phonetic radicals。Journal of Literacy Research,35,849-878。
8.
Hue, C.-W.(2003)。Number of characters a college student knows。Journal of Chinese Linguistics,31,300-339。
9.
Läufer, B.、Nation, P.(1995)。Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production。Applied Linguistics,16,307-322。
10.
Lundberg, I.、Frost, J.、Petersen, O.(1988)。Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children。Reading Research Quarterly,23,263-283。
11.
Read, C.、Zhang, Y.、Nie, H.、Ding, B.(1986)。The ability to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic spelling。Cognition,24,31-44。
12.
Shu, H.、Anderson, R. C.、Wu, N.(2000)。Phonetic awareness: Knowledge of orthography-phonology relationships in the character acquisition of Chinese children。Journal of Educational Psychology,92,56-62。
13.
Ehri, L. C.、Nunes, S. R.、Willows, D. M.、Schuster, B. V.、Yaghoub-Zadeh, Z.、Shanahan, T.(2001)。Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from the National Reading Panel's meta-analysis。Reading Research Quarterly,36(3),250-287。
14.
Chen, Y. P.、Allport, A.(1995)。Attention and Lexical Decomposition in Chinese Word Recognition: Conjunctions of Form and Position Guide Selective Attention。Visual Cognition,2,235-268。
15.
Shu, Hua、Chen, Xi、Anderson, Richard C.、Wu, Ningning、Xuan, Yue(2003)。Properties of school Chinese: Implications for learning to read。Child Development,74(1),27-47。
16.
Saffran, Jenny R.、Aslin, Richard N.、Newport, Elissa L.(1996)。Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants。Science,274(5294),1926-1928。
會議論文
1.
Hsiao, J. H.、Shillcock, R.(2005)。Differences of split and non-split architectures emerged from modeling Chinese character pronunciation。The Twenty Seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society。Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。989-994。
2.
Wonnacott, E.、Newport, E. L.(2005)。Novelty and regularization: The effect of novel instances on rule formation。The 29th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development。Somerville, MA:Cascadilla Press。
圖書
1.
Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group(1993)。Corpus-based frequency count of characters in journal Chinese: Corpus-based research series。Taipei, Taiwan:Academia Sinica Institute of Information Science。
2.
DeFrancis, John(1984)。The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy。University of Hawaii Press。
單篇論文
1.
Wang, M. Y.,Ching, C. L.(2005)。Implicit versus explicit word recognition: They differ in patterns' attentional bias for word components。
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