The Relative Merits (and Weaknesses) of Presidential, Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Systems: The Background to Constitutional Reform_

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題名：	The Relative Merits (and Weaknesses) of Presidential, Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Systems: The Background to Constitutional Reform
書刊名：	人文及社會科學集刊
作者：	Gunther, Richard
出版日期：	1999
卷期：	11:1
頁次：	頁61-92
主題關鍵詞：	半總統制；總統制；內閣制；比較政治制度；Semi-presidentialism；Presidentialism；Parliamentary system；Comparative political institutions
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(1) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:3 共同引用:0 點閱:57

期刊論文
1.	Linz, Juan J.(1990)。The Perils of Presidentialism。Journal of Democracy，1(1)，51-69。
2.	Lipset, Seymour Martin(1990)。The Centrality of Political Culture。Journal of Democracy，1(4)，80-83。
3.	Power, Timothy J.、Gasiorowski, Mark J.(1997)。Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World。Comparative Political Studies，30(2)，123-155。
4.	Mainwaring, Scott(1993)。Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination。Comparative Political Studies，26(2)，198-228。
5.	Horowitz, Donald L.(1990)。Comparing Democratic Systems。Journal of Democracy，1(4)，73-79。
6.	Weaver, R. Kent(1986)。The Politics of Blame Avoidance。Journal of Public Policy，6(4)，371-398。
7.	Lijphart, Arend(1991)。Constitutional Choices for New Democracies。Journal of Democracy，2(1)，72-84。
8.	Bawan, Kathleen(1993)。The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral Laws as a Social Choice Outcome。American Journal of Political Science，37(4)，965-989。
9.	Moe, T. M.(1990)。Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story。Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization，6，213-261。
10.	Stepan, Alfred、Skach, Cindy(1993)。Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism。World Politics，46(1)，1-22。
11.	Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research，8(2)，165-187。
12.	Frye, Timothy(1997)。A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies。Comparative Political Studies，30(5)，523-552。
13.	Geddes, Barbara(1995)。A Comparative Perspective on the Leninist Legacy in Eastern Europe。Comparative Political Studies，28(2)，239-274。
14.	March, James G.、Olsen, Johan P.(1984)。The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life。American Political Science Review，78(3)，734-749。
15.	Bahro, Horst(1997)。Semiprasidentialismus in postkommunistischen Staaten? Zur Verbreitung einer Regierungsform zwisches Parlamentarismus und Prasidentialismus。Osteuropa-Recht，43(1)，1-18。
16.	Tsebelis, George(1995)。Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartism。British Journal of Political Science，25(3)，289-325。
17.	Riggs, Fred(1988)。The Survival of Presidentialism in America: Para-Constitutional Practices。International Political Science Review，9，247-278。
18.	Gunther, Richard(1989)。Electoral Laws, Party Systems and Elites: The Case of Spain。American Political Science Review，83(3)，835-858。
19.	Fabbrini, Sergio(1995)。Presidents, Parliaments and Good Government。Journal of Democracy，6(3)，128-138。
20.	Bahro, Horst(1997)。Semipräsidentialismus in postkommunistischen Staaten ?。Osteuropa Recht，43(1)，2-18。
21.	Bawn, Kathleen(1993)。The Logic of Institutional Prefefences: German Electoral Law as a Social Choice Outcome。American Journal of Political Science，37(4)，965-989。
22.	Fabbrini, Sergio(1995)。Presidents, Parliaments and Good Governement。Journal of Democracy，6(3)，128-138。
23.	Gunther, Richard(1989)。Electoral Laws, Party Systems and Elites: The Case of Spain。The American Political Science Review，83(3)，835-858。
24.	Riggs, Fred(1988)。International Political Science Review。International Political Science Review，9，247-278。
25.	Stepan, Alfred、Skach, Cindy(1993)。Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism and Presidentialism。World Politics，46(1)，1-22。
26.	Tsebelis, George(1995)。Decision-Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism。British Journal of Political Science，25(3)，289-325。

會議論文
1.	Linz, Juan J.(1984)。Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference?。Washington, DC。

圖書
1.	Linz, Juan J.、Valenzuela, Arturo(1994)。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives。Baltimore, Maryland：Johns Hopkins University Press。
2.	Weaver, K. R.、Rockman, B. A.(1993)。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, D.C.：The Brookings Institution。
3.	Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
4.	Lijphart, Arend、Waisman, Carlos H.(1996)。Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America。Boulder, Colorado：Westview Press。
5.	Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat、Cohler, Anne M.、Miller, Basia Carolyn、Stone, Harold Samuel(1989)。The Spirit of the Laws。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
6.	Locke, John、Peardon, Thomas P.(1952)。The Second Treatise of Government。New York：The Liberal Arts Press。
7.	Lipset, S. M.(1960)。Political Man。London：Political Heinemann。
8.	Evans, Peter B.、Rueschemeyer, Dietrich、Skocpol, Theda(1985)。Bringing the State Back In。New York：Cambridge University Press。
9.	March, James G.、Olsen, Johan P.(1989)。Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics。New York：The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan, Inc.。
10.	Lijphart, Arend(1984)。Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries。Yale University Press。
11.	Lijphart, Arend(1977)。Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration。Yale University Press。
12.	Skocpol, Theda(1979)。States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China。Cambridge University Press。
13.	Lipset, Seymour Martin(1960)。Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics。Doubleday & Company。
14.	(1997)。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics。Baltimore, MD。
15.	Vogel, David(1993)。Representing Diffuse Interests in Environmental Policymaking。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
16.	Szablowski, George J.(1997)。Division or Cohesion in the Polish Executive and the Democratic Order。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
17.	Schick, Allen(1993)。Governments versus Budget Deficits。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
18.	Rubsamen, Valerie(1997)。Stability and Representation in France。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder。
19.	Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。The Performance of Presidents and Prime Ministers and of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD。
20.	Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。Institutions, Democratic Stability and Performance。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
21.	Weaver, R. Kent、Pierson, Paul D.(1993)。Imposing Losses in Pension Policy。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
22.	Pasquino, Gianfranco(1995)。Executive-Legislative Relations in Southern Europe。The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective。Baltimore, MD。
23.	Locke, John(1952)。The Second Treatise of Government。The Second Treatise of Government。New York, NY。
24.	Lazin, Fred A.(1997)。Transforming Israeli Democracy Under Stress。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
25.	Kazancigul, Ali(1997)。Connecting Political Institutions to Democracy。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
26.	Mughan, Anthony、Gunther, Richard(1993)。Political Institutions and Cleavage Management。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
27.	Gunther, Richard(1997)。Managing Democratic Consolidation in Spain: From Consensus to Majority in Institutions。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
28.	Gunther, Richard(1992)。Spain: The Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement。Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe。Cambridge。
29.	Feigenbaum, Harvey、Samuels, Richard、Weaver, R. Kent(1993)。Innovation, Coordination, and Implementation in Energy Policy。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
30.	Duverger, Maurice(1988)。Les regimes semi-preidentiels。Les regimes semi-preidentiels。Paris, France。
31.	Gunther, Richard、Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos(1995)。Preface: The New Southern Europe。The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective。Baltimore, MD。
32.	Campbell, Colin(1997)。Gridlock and the Crisis of Leadership in the United States。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, CO。
33.	Beer, Samuel H.(1965)。British Politics in the Collectivist Age。British Politics in the Collectivist Age。New York, NY。
34.	Rockman, Bert A.、Weaver, Kent R.(1993)。Institutional Reform and Constitutional Design。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC。
35.	Beer, Samuel H.(1965)。British Politics in the Collectivist Age。British Politics in the Collectivist Age。New York。
36.	Campbell, Colin(1997)。Gridlock and the Crisis of Leadership in the United States。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
37.	Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos、Gunther, Richard(1995)。Preface: The New Southernn Europe。The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective。Baltimore。
38.	Gunther, Richard(1992)。Spain: The Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement。Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe。Cambridge。
39.	Gunther, Richard(1997)。Managing Democratic Consolidation in Spain: From Consensus to Majority in Institutions。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
40.	Puhle, Hans-Jurgen、Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos、Gunther, Richand(1995)。Introduction。The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective。Baltimore。
41.	Lijphart, Arend(1994)。Presidentialism and Majoritarian Democracy: Theoretical Observations。The Failure of Presidential Democracy(vol.2)。Baltimore。
42.	Pasquino, Gianfranco(1995)。Executive-Legislative Relations in Southern Europe。The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective。Baltimore。
43.	Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。The Performance of Presidents and Prime Ministers of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。Baltimore, MD。
44.	Lazin, Fred A.(1997)。Transforming Israeli Democracy Under Stress。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
45.	Feigenbaum, Harvey B.、Samuels, Richard J.、Weaver, R. Kent(1993)。Innovation, Coordination, and Implementation in Energy Policy。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
46.	Gunther, Richard、Mughan, A.(1993)。Political Institutions and Cleavage Management。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
47.	Lijphart, Arend、Rogowski, Ronald、Weaver, R. Kent(1993)。Separation of Power and Cleavage Management。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
48.	Pierson, Paul、Weaver, R. Kent(1993)。Imposing Losses in Pension Policy。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
49.	Schick, A.(1993)。Government versus budget Deficits。Do Institutions Matter?。Washington, D.C.。
50.	Vogel, David(1993)。Representing Diffuse Interests in Environmental Policymaking。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
51.	Duverger, Maurice(1988)。Les régimes semi-presidentiels。Les régimes semi-presidentiels。Paris。
52.	Weaver, R. Kent(1993)。Institution Reform and Constitutional Design。Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington D.C.。
53.	Szablowski, George J.(1997)。Division or Cohesion in the Polish Executive and the Democratic Order。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
54.	Rubsamen, Valerie(1997)。Stability and Representation in France。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
55.	Rockman, Bert A.(1997)。Institution, Democratic Stability and Performance。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。
56.	Kazancigul, Ali(1997)。Connecting Political Institutions to Democracy。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft。Boulder, Colo.。

其他
1.	Rockman, Bert A.，Kazancigil, Ali，Heper, Metin(1997)。Institutions and Democratic Statecraft，Boulder, CO。

圖書論文
1.	Corsini, R.(1995)。Introduction。Current psychotherapies。Itasca, Illinois：F. E. Peacock。
2.	Giovanni, Sartori(1994)。Neither Presidentialism Nor Parliamentarism。The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Vol, 1: Comparative Perspectives。Johns Hopkins University Press。
3.	Sartori, Giovanni(1994)。Neither Presidentialism nor Parliamentarism。The Failure of Presidential Democracy。Johns Hopkins University Press。
4.	Suleiman, Ezra N.(1994)。Presidentialism and Political Stability in France。The Failure of Presidential Democracy。Baltimore。
5.	Linz, Juan J.(1994)。Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Differnce?。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspective。Baltimore：John Hopkins University Press。
6.	Weaver, R. Kent、Rockman, Bert A.(1993)。When and How Do Institutions Matter?。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the US and Abroad。Washington, D.C.：Brookings Institution。
7.	Rockman, B. A.、Weaver, K. R.(1993)。Assessing the Effects of Institutions。Do Institutions Matter?: Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC：Brookings Institution Press。
8.	Suleiman, Ezra N.(1994)。Presidentialism and Political Stability in France。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives。Baltimore, MD：John Hopkins University Press。
9.	Rogowski, Ronald、Kent, Weaver R.、Lijphart, Arend(1993)。Separation of Powers and Cleavage Management。Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad。Washington, DC：Brookings Institution。
10.	Lijphart, Arend(1994)。Presidentialism and Majoritarian Democracy: Theoretical Observations。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives。Johns Hopkins University Press。

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