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題名:不同的激勵策略對社會閒散之影響
書刊名:中華心理學刊
作者:張國義 引用關係陳皎眉
作者(外文):Chang, Guo-iChen, Jeaw-mei
出版日期:1995
卷期:37:1
頁次:頁71-81
主題關鍵詞:社會閒散目標設定激勵參與式目標設定指派式目標設定指派式目標設定配合奬賞Social loafingGoal settingMotivationParticipative goalAssigned goalAssigned goal plus reward
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(2)
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     「社會閒散」是一種當個人處於團體中,由於努力和結果之間的聯結不緊密,個 人易躲過因偷懶所帶來的不好結果,也易失去因努力而應得的好結果,而引發的動機性損失 。此種混水摸魚的現象無所不在的侵蝕團體績效,得得人力資源未能發揮最佳水準,導致生 產力降低。本研究的主要目的,在於探討「指派式目標設定」、「參與式目標設定」及「指 派式目標設定配合獎賞」三種傳統管理上常使用的激勵策略,對於減低「社會閒散」的效果 。本研究採實驗室研究法,以 144 位大學女生為受試,研究中採 2 (工作情境:個人組、 團體組)×4(激勵策略:無激勵策略之控制組、指派式目標設定組、參與式目標設定組、 指派式目標設定配合獎賞組)設計,分析各組受試在剪紙片作業上之工作表現。研究結果顯 示:在沒有使用激勵策略的控制組中,團體組受試的工作表現顯著低於個人組受試的工作表 現,亦即確實發生了典型的社會閒散現象;而不論在加入指派式目標設定、參與式目標設定 或指派式目標設定配合獎賞這三種激勵策略的狀況下,團體組受試的工作表現均和個人組受 試的工作表現沒有顯著差異。顯見此三種激勵策略均可有效地減低社會閒散現象。唯可能因 天花板效應,僅一般的「指派式目標設定」即已完全消除了社會閒散現象的發生,而導致在 本研究中無法清楚比較出此三種激勵策略對減低社會閒散之效果的高低。我們依研究結果做 進一步討論,並對社會大眾及後續的研究提供建議。
     Individuals tend to work less hard in groups than alone, one major reason is the motivation loss due to poor connection between effort and outcome. This loafing effect is detrimental to group productivity and effectiveness, and finding some way to over-come it is very important. This study examined the effects of three different motivation strategies on reducing social loafing. 2 (group vs. individual) × 4 (control, assigned goal, participative goal, or assigned goal plus reward) design was used and 144 female college students were randomly assigned to one of the 8 conditions. The results shows that (1) the social loafing does occur in control group, and (2) all three motivating strategies inhibite social loafing completely. This paper concludes with discussion of the results and suggestions for further studies.
期刊論文
1.Kravitz, D. A.、Martin, B.(1986)。Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50(5),936-941。  new window
2.Schnake, M. E.(1991)。Equity in effort: The "sucker effect" in co-acting groups。Journal of Management,17(1),41-55。  new window
3.Latham, G. P.、Yuki, G. A.(1975)。A Review of Research on the Application of Goal Setting in Organizations。Academy of Management Journal,18(4),824-845。  new window
4.Locke, E. A.(1968)。Toward a theory of task performance and incentives。Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,3,157-189。  new window
5.Erez, M.、Kanfer, F. H.(1983)。The Role of Goal Acceptance in Goal Setting and Task Performance。Academy of Management Review,8(3),454-463。  new window
6.Harkins, S. G.、Petty, R. E.(1982)。The Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,43(6),1214-1229。  new window
7.Kerr, N. L.、Bruun, S. E.(1981)。Ringelmann revisited: Alternative explanations for the social loafing effect。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,7(2),224-231。  new window
8.Latham, G. P.、Erez, M.、Locke, E. A.(1988)。Resolving Scientific Disputes by the Joint Design of Crucial Experiments by the Antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham Dispute Regarding Participation in Goal Setting。Journal of Applied Psychology,73(4),753-777。  new window
9.Kerr, N. L.、Bruun, S. E.(1983)。Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44(1),78-94。  new window
10.Ingham, A. G.、Levinger, G.、Graves, J.、Peckham, V.(1974)。The Ringelmann effect: Studies of group size and group performance。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,10,371-384。  new window
11.Locke, E. A.(1977)。The myths of behavior in organizations。Academy of Management Review,2,543-553。  new window
12.Matsui, T.、Kakuyama, T.、Onglatco, M. L. U.(1987)。Effects of goals and feedback on performance in group。Journal of Applied Psychology,72(3),407-415。  new window
13.Shepperd, J. A.、Wright, R. A.(1989)。Individual contributions to a collective effort: An incentive analysis。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,15(2),141-149。  new window
14.Sanna, L. J.(1992)。Self-efficacy theory: Implications for social facilitation and social loafing。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,62(5),774-786。  new window
15.Singh, R.、Singh, R. P.(1989)。Job specificity as a deterrent to social loafing。Manas,36(1/2),21-39。  new window
16.Zaccaro, S. J.(1984)。Social loafing: The role of task attractiveness。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,10(1),99-106。  new window
17.Tubbs, M. E.(1986)。Goal setting: A meta-analysis examination of the experical evidence。Journal of Apply Psychology,71,474-483。  new window
18.Williams, Kipling D.、Karau, Steven J.(1991)。Social Loafing and Social Compensation: The Effects of Expectations of Co-Worker Performance。Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,61(4),570-581。  new window
19.Latané, Bibb、Williams, Kipling D.、Harkins, Stephen G.(1979)。Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37(6),822-832。  new window
20.Locke, E. A.、Shaw, K. N.、Saari, L. M.、Latham, G. P.(1981)。Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980。Psychological Bulletin,90(1),125-152。  new window
學位論文
1.程懷琳(1988)。社會閒散之研究--酬賞分配方式、工作性質工作能力對團體中個人表現的影響(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.汪孝慈(1988)。目標設定方式與目標預期差異對認知與工作表現之影響(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.朱令娟(1988)。酬賞型態﹑角色重要性及工作變異性對社會閒散之影響(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
4.鄭美芳(1987)。探討影響社會閑散與社會助長因素(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.McCormick, E. J.、Ilgen, D. R.(1985)。Industrial and Organizational Psychology。Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall。  new window
2.Steiner, Ivan Dale(1972)。Group Processes and Productivity。New York:Academic Press。  new window
3.Wexley, K. N.、Yukl, G. A.(1984)。Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psychology。  new window
4.Locke, E. A.、Latham, G. P.(1990)。A theory of goal setting and task performance。Prentice Hall。  new window
圖書論文
1.Locke, E. A.、Schweiger, D. M.(1979)。Participation in Decision-Making: One More Look。Research in Organizational Behavior。Greenwich, Conn.:JAI Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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