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題名:自殺的經濟分析
作者:黃勢璋 引用關係
作者(外文):Huang, Shin Chang
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:財政研究所
指導教授:陳國樑
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:自殺社會風俗自殺的位移性自殺的持續性多重均衡自殺性別差異
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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自殺議題已成為各國政府非常重視且亟欲解決的問題之一。觀察日本近20年的自殺率的變化,發現兩種在文獻上未曾被討論的特殊現象。第一,日本自殺率在1998年出現幅度高達34.21%的大幅跳躍增加,本文將此跳躍現象稱為自殺的位移性 (displacement)。第二,自殺率在1998年出現大幅跳躍上升之後,縱使後來經濟情勢好轉,自殺率卻未曾再明顯回跌至1997年以前的較低自殺率,本文將此現象稱為自殺的持續性 (persistence)。不論是位移或持續性效果,目前的經濟相關理論的文獻,在社會經濟變數沒有相對應巨幅變化的情況下,並無法針對上述自殺率的特殊現象提出適當解釋。本文第三章將針對自殺的位移與持續性做深入討論。
另外,儘管世界各國的自殺率高低及趨勢存在差異,但從不同性別的自殺率角度切入,卻存在相當一致的現象,就是男性自殺率都明顯高於女性自殺率。既有的經濟相關理論文獻,就自殺率在性別差異的情況,並無相關理論模型解釋此一現象。本文第四章將針對男女性別在自殺率的差異現象做詳細分析。
第三章根據OECD與臺灣共34個國家的自殺率資料,首先根據實證檢定方法證實位移與持續性等特殊現象,並非僅存在於日本而已,有9個國家的自殺率具有位移與持續性現象。在理論模型分析方面,本文提出自殺的社會風俗模型,用來說明自殺率的位移與持續性現象。模型結果發現,自殺率在理論上可能存在多重均衡解。在社會自殺率很低的情形下,以自殺作為解決問題所必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本越大,此時的個人自殺機率與社會自殺率將維持在一個相對“好”的低自殺率均衡水準。相反地,若一般社會、經濟情況發生惡化,許多人透過自殺尋求解脫,使得社會自殺率出現明顯增加,此時以自殺解決問題逐漸成為一種被默許的社會氛圍時,欲尋求自殺必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本會大大降低。自殺率甚至會出現以跳躍上升的方式,迅速移往一個相對“壞”的高自殺率均衡水準。此時,如果社會經濟變數沒有出現巨幅改善,均衡自殺率將無法回到原先相對“好”的低水準而持續維持在相對“壞”的高水準,如同日本自殺率在1989至2009年間所呈現的位移及持續性現象。
第四章則透過經濟理論模型提出,預期壽命、天生基因以及風險趨避程度,是導致各國自殺率具有性別差異的主要因素。因為,預期壽命越高所帶來個人的預期終生效用現值越大,自殺行為或自殺率越低;使得各國女性預期壽命皆大於男性的情況下,得到男性自殺率高於女性之結果。心理醫學、生物學發現的性別天生基因不同,導致自殺率產生明顯差異的說法,也透過經濟理論模型進一步呈現。而工作選擇的風險趨避程度越低所伴隨工作所得變異性越大,導致個人落入貧窮的機會大增,自殺行為或自殺率提高;使得文獻發現女性風險趨避程度高於男性的結論,得到現實生活中男性自殺率高於女性的結果。在實證分析方面,根據從OECD成員國與臺灣共34個選樣國家資料,透過結合橫斷面與時間序列的統計資料,檢驗預期壽命與自殺率之間的關係是否與理論模型的結果相一致。結果發現,不論在哪一種Panel Data模型下,預期壽命與自殺率之間確實呈現顯著的負向關係,表示整體國家的預期壽命增加將使得社會自殺率降低。
中文部分

報章雜誌:
聯合報 (2010) 「稚女救母,自殺防治體系禁得起檢驗?」,06月07日,社論。
劉謙慧 (2011) 「富士康第17跳! 員工不明原因墜樓」,今日新聞網,07月19日。
蔡鵑如 (2012) 「賴活不如好死 希臘爆自殺潮」,中國時報,05月07日。

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其他:
WHO (2009.05) Suicide prevention, http://www.who.int/mental_health/ prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/
WHO (2009.12) Prevention of suicidal behaviors: a task for all, http://www.who.intmental_health/prevention/suicide/background/en/index.html

 
 
 
 
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