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題名:國際關係規範建構主義與國際社會化:以氣候典則中的美中兩國社會化為例
作者:曾維國
作者(外文):Tseng, Wei-Kuo
校院名稱:國防大學政治作戰學院
系所名稱:政治研究所
指導教授:洪陸訓
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:規範建構主義規範生命週期國際社會化順從因果機制氣候典則聯合國氣候變化綱要公約京都議定書norm-oriented constructivismnorm life cycleinternational socializationcompliancecausal mechanismclimate regimeUNFCCCKyoto Protocol
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摘要
由於以權力及利益等物質因素為取向的理性主義理論對國際關係現象的解釋仍有其侷限與不足,轉向理念因素甚至規範性理論的研究逐漸復興;作為國際社會理念因素的國際規範在國際政治及國際關係中有何作用、如何作用、以及國際規範與國家行為之間存在何種因果關係解釋,遂成為筆者的主要研究動機。基此,本研究旨在探討以下三大問題:一、探究國際規範、國際社會化、與國家行為三者之間的相互關係。二、探討觀念結構的建構過程、規範順服的相關因素、以及國家行為的邏輯。三、以國際氣候典則為例,檢證國際規範演進、美中兩國國際社會化、以及美中雙邊關係的轉變等三種現象之間的關係。
本研究目的在探討國際規範與國家行為之間所存在的國際規範生命週期與國際社會化現象,並從國家社會化因果機制的演變歷程,探尋國際社會化如何影響國與國關係;現象實證方面,選擇以國際氣候典則中的美中兩國社會化為例,綜合規範建構主義與國際社會化的理論觀點為研究途徑,結合規範生命週期與規範順從系絡為分析架構,再將建構主義對氣候變遷之來源因素與過程因素整合於分析架構,運用文獻分析法進行研究。首先簡介國際氣候典則以及檢視氣候典則此一國際觀念結構的規範生命演進歷程;再分別檢視、評估及比較美中兩國的國內與國際氣候政策,呈現兩國在氣候典則中的國際社會化現象以及不同階段的社會化機制演變歷程;進而分析並檢證氣候典則社會化對美中雙邊氣候領域合作關係的影響。研究結果顯示:一、國際社會化是國際規範與國家行為之間動態互動關係的主要過程;二、國際社會化機制取決於行為主體對其順從系絡因素時空組合方式的不同選擇;三、規範建構主義的理論架構適用於國際規範與國家行為之間的互動分析;四、美國的氣候典則社會化主要受國內連結因素所限制,但氣候典則規範的迂迴式社會化力量漸增;五、中國大陸的氣候典則社會化主要受國際結構因素所引導,社會化機制以角色扮演的為主;六、國家之間的國際社會化相對格局對彼此關係的走向具有引導作用。
關鍵字:規範建構主義、規範生命週期、國際社會化、順從、因果機制、氣候典則、聯合國氣候變化綱要公約、京都議定書
Abstract
As power- and interest-oriented rationalist theories of material factors remain their limitations or shortcomings to explain some phenomena of international relations, now there is a gradual revival of ideational approaches or even normative theories. As main ideational factors of the international society, what roles do international norms play, how they operate in the international politics and international relations, and what causal relationship exists between international norms and states behaviors became the author's main motivations. Based on that, this study aimed to explore the following three questions: First, to explore relationship among international norms, international socialization, and states’ behaviors in international society. Second, to explore the construction process of international ideational structure, factors of norm compliance, as well as logics of states behaviors. Third, take the international climate regime as an example, and to validate the relationships among international norms evolution, international socialization of the United States and Mainland China, as well as the transformation of US-China bilateral relations.
The purpose of this study was to explore the international norms life cycle and international socialization phenomena that exist between international norms and states behaviors, as well as how international socialization affects the relations between states by checking the causal mechanisms transforming process of international socialization. Empirically, taken the socialization of the United States and China in the climate regime as examples, this study synthesized both the theoretical perspectives of norm-oriented constructivism and international socialization as a research approach, combined with the norm life cycle and norm compliance context as an analytical framework, then integrated the sources and process factors of social construction of climate change into the analytical framework, and used Documentary Analysis as a research method. This study proceeded as follows: Firstly, it introduced international climate regime and examined its norm life cycle evolution process of this ideational structure. Then it reviewed, evaluated and compared the domestic and international climate policy of the United States and China, showing these two states’ socialization and their causal mechanism evolution stages of socialization. Finally, it analyzed and validated how international socialization of the U.S. and China influence US-China bilateral relations on climate change issue areas. The results show that: First, the international socialization is the main process of the dynamic interactive relationship between international norms and states’ behaviors. Second, the causal mechanism of international socialization depends on the different choices of the combinations of factors around agents’ compliance context in a specific manner of time and space. Third, the norm-oriented constructivist theoretical framework works for the analysis of the interaction between international norms and states’ behaviors. Fourth, the socialization of the U.S. in climate regime mainly constrained by its domestic factors, however, the detour socializing forces of climate regime norms are in surging. Fifth, the socialization of China in climate regime mainly induced by international structural factors, role-playing mechanism gave priority to China’s socialization. Sixth, the configuration between states’ socialization will guide the direction of their bilateral relations.
Key words: norm-oriented constructivism, norm life cycle, international socialization, compliance, causal mechanism, climate regime, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol
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〈“基礎四國”第九次氣候變化部長級會議聯合聲明〉,《應對氣候變化司》。2011年11月4日。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gwdt/t20111103_443281.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈“基礎四國”第五次氣候變化部長級會議聯合聲明〉,《應對氣候變化司》。2010年10月15日。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gwdt/t20101015_375059.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈《中國氣候變化信息網》開通發布會召開),《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月11日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=1656 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈《中國準備初始國家信息通報的能力建設》項目管理辦法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月21日。http://nc.ccchina.gov.cn/web/Newsinfo.asp?Newsld=159 (瀏覽日期:2011年9月15日)
〈1996-2009年歷年節能宣傳周主題),《中國節能減排網》。2009年6月18日。http://www.chinajnjpw.com/html/4/yl/2009/0618/12142.html (瀏覽日期:2012年1月23日)
〈40家中國NGO在德班發起氣候公民超越行動〉,中國氣候變化信息網。2011年12月9日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30544 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈人大常委會通過《全國人大常委會關於積極應對氣候變化的決議》〉,中國氣候變化信息網。2009年8月28日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=18994 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈中方關於長期合作行動“共同願景”的看法和主張〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2008年12月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=19036(瀏覽日期:2011年11月23日)
〈中科院公布按行業估算的二氧化碳排放量〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2101年2月23日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?Newsld=22684 (瀏覽日期:2011年10月31日)
〈中美草簽《加強氣候變化、能源和環境合作的諒解備忘錄》〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2009年8月7日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=19086 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月24日)
〈中美簽署諒解備忘錄 合作開發清潔能源〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年11月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30252 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月27日)
〈中美關於清潔大氣和清潔能源技術合作的意向聲明〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=4231 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月24日)
〈中國代表團參加氣候公約第十次締約方大會〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2004年12月27日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=777 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈中國代表團團長、國家計委副主任劉江部長于2001年在氣候變化公約第七屆締約方會議上的發言〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3874 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈中國代表團團長王金祥在氣候變化公約第十一次締約方會議暨京都議定書第一次締約方會議部長級會議的發言〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2005年12月12日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3836 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈中國代表團團長劉江在氣候變化公約第十次締約方會議部長級會議的發言(公約生效十年回顧與未來挑戰議題)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2004年12月16日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3838 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈中國代表團團長劉江部長于1999年在氣候變化公約第五屆締約方會議上的發言〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3876 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈中國代表團團長劉江部長于2000年在氣候變化公約第六屆締約方會議上的發言〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3875 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈中國代表團舉行首場新聞發佈會中國代表團團長、國家發展改革委副主任解振華出席並答記者問〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年12月6日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30490 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月7日)
〈中國逐步淘汰白熾燈路線圖〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年11月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30170 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈中國應對氣候變化立法研究專案啟動會召開〉,中國氣候變化信息網。2011年7月13日。參見http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=29873 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月8日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3814 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈中華人民共和國可再生能源法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2010年1月27日。參見http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=22363 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈中華人民共和國迴圈經濟促進法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2008年9月3日。參見http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=14199 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈中華人民共和國清潔生產促進法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年9月10日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3803 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈中華人民共和國煤炭法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月8日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3817 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈中華人民共和國節約能源法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年8月15日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3804 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈民間氣候變化行動網路代表與發改委官員會面〉,中國氣候變化信息網。2011年12月10日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=29878 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈全球環境基金會第二屆成員國大會在京召開 江澤民出席開幕式並發表重要講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月16日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=1649 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月23日)
〈在氣候變化公約第九次締約方會議部長級圓桌會的發言(氣候變化、適應、緩解與可持續發展議題)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月8日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3849 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈在氣候變化公約第八次締約方會議部長級圓桌會議的發言要點(回顧議題)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3871 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈在氣候變化公約第八次締約方會議部長級圓桌會議的發言要點(氣候變化與可持續發展)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3870 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
〈我國《氣候變化應對法》(社科院建議稿)進起草階段〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年11月14日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30094 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈我國提出應對氣候變化四原則〉,《中國氣候變化資訊網》。2009年6月23日。參見http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=18018 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈我國開始進行可再生能源立法〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2003年10月1日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=1331 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈我國經濟增長與能源消耗比例發生根本性變化),《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=1647 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈亞太清潔發展與氣候夥伴計畫簡介〉,《亞太清潔發展與氣候夥伴計畫》。網址:http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/chinese/about.aspx (瀏覽日期:2011年12月29日)
〈京都議定書今日生效 對我國短期有利長期有壓力〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2005年2月15日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=772 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈兩個新的綠色合作夥伴結對加入“綠色合作夥伴計畫”〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2012年2月20日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=31208 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
〈初始國家信息通報回顧〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://nc.ccchina.gov.cn/web/column.asp?Columnld=5 (瀏覽日期:2011年9月15日)
〈胡錦濤在發展中五國領導人集體會晤時的講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2010年7月9日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=13280 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈胡錦濤在經濟大國能源安全和氣候變化會議上的講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2010年7月10日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=13259 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈氣候談判:通向坎昆之路的兩個“關口”〉,《應對氣候變化司》。2010年6月10日。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gwdt/t20100601_350654.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈國家發改委召開出席聯合國氣候變化德班會議總結大會〉,《中國氣候變化資訊網》。2011年12月30日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30790 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月28日)
〈國家發展改革委應對氣候變化司決定延長應對氣候變化立法工作公開徵求意見的時間〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年10月26日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=29873 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈國家發展改革委應對氣候變化司決定延長應對氣候變化立法工作公開徵求意見的時間〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年10月26日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=29873 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月10日)
〈國家應對氣候變化規劃編制工作正式啟動〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年1月13日。\http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=26888 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈國家應對氣候變化領導小組〉,《應對氣候變化司》。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/ldxz/default.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈國務院通過《“十二五”控制溫室氣體排放工作方案》〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年11月10日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30067 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈國務院領導關注氣候變化),《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月5日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=1697 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈國際合作〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/column.asp?Columnld=11&ScrollAction=3 (瀏覽日期:2011年9月15日)
〈第二次《氣候變化國家評估報告》編制工作領導小組會議在京召開〉,《應對氣候變化司》。2011年7月30日。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gndt/jhqhbh/t20090824_297713.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈第二次氣候變化國家評估報告發佈〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年11月16日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30121 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月27日)
〈菲格雷斯表示德班氣候大會已經取得一些重要進展〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年12月7日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30509 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月7日)
〈新能源可再生能源產業發展十五規劃〉,《新華網》。http://news.xinhuanet.com/chanjing/2001-11/09/content_107625.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈溫家寶主持召開國家應對氣候變化及節能減排工作領導小組會議審議並原則同意“十二五”節能減排綜合性工作方案〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年7月20日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=28914 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈節能中長期專項規劃),《中國氣候變化信息網》。2004年1月25日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3785 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
〈經常提出的問題〉,《亞太清潔發展與氣候夥伴計畫》。網址:http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/chinese/faq.aspx (瀏覽日期:2011年12月29日)
〈解振華:發達國家減排承諾執行情況應接受評估〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年12月6日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30476 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月7日)
〈解振華談氣候談判:中國“理直氣壯” 積極斡旋〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2011年12月7日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30494 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月7日)
〈機構設置:工作職責〉,《應對氣候變化司》。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/jgsz/default.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
〈關於印發《“中國綠色照明工程”實施方案》的通知〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月8日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3827 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
〈關於印發《新能源和可再生能源發展綱要》的通知〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年10月8日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3828 (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
中共國家發展和改革委員會,《中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展“九五”計畫和〈關於印發《能源節約與資源綜合利用“十五”規劃》的通知〉,《中華人民共和國中央人民政府》網站。http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2002/content_61600.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年5月25日)
中共國家發展和改革委員會,2001年3月15日。《中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展第十個五年計劃綱要》。http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/fzgh/ghwb/gjjh/P020070912638588995806.pdf (瀏覽日期:2012年2月12日)
中共國家發展和改革委員會,2009年11月27日。〈中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動--2009年度報告〉,《國家發展和改革委員會氣候變化司》。http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/qhbhzs/P020111206694568937835.pdf (瀏覽日期:2011年11月23日)
中共國務院,2011年9月7日。〈國務院關於印發"十二五"節能減排綜合性工作方案的通知〉,國發〔2011〕26號,轉引自《中國氣候變化信息網》。 http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=29449 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
中共國務院新聞辦公室,2011年11月23日。〈中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動(2011)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=30194 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
中共發改委,〈十年合作指導委員會〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/Article_List.aspx?columnID=62 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈十年合作聯合工作組第五次會議〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/NewsInfo.aspx?NId=159 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)。
中共發改委,〈十年合作聯合工作組第六次會議〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/NewsInfo.aspx?NId=580 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈背景情況(綠色合作夥伴計畫)〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/NewsInfo.aspx?NId=172 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈首輪中美戰略與經濟對話〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/Article_List.aspx?columnID=3 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈能效行動計畫〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。2008年12月5日。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/WebSite/ChinaUSA/Upload/File/201004/20100429155317421875.pdf (瀏覽日期:2012年2月27日)
中共發改委,〈清潔、高效和有保障的電力生產和傳輸行動計畫〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。2008年12月3日。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/WebSite/ChinaUSA/Upload/File/201004/20100429152049000000.pdf (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈清潔大氣行動計畫〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。2008年11月。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/WebSite/ChinaUSA/Upload/File/201004/20100429155011000000.pdf (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈清潔和高效的交通行動計畫〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。2008年12月5日。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/WebSite/ChinaUSA/Upload/File/201004/20100429155049703125.pdf (瀏覽日期:2012年2月27日)
中共發改委,〈概況(十年合作)〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/NewsInfo.aspx?NId=157 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中共發改委,〈聯合工作組(十年合作)〉,《中美能源與環境十年合作框架》。http://tyf.ndrc.gov.cn/Article_List.aspx?columnID=13 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月26日)
中國計劃出版社,2004。《中華人民共和國氣候變化初始國家信息通報》。北京:中國計劃出版社。At http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php (瀏覽日期:2011年10月1日)
中國氣象局,2008年12月1日。〈氣候可行性論證管理辦法〉,《中國氣象局》。 http://www.cma.gov.cn/2011qxfw/2011bsfu/2011qbszn/20111/t2011116_153952.html (瀏覽日期:2012年2月13日)
朱鎔基,〈堅定不移地走可持續發展之路—在可持續發展世界首腦會議上的講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。2002年7月18日。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=3873 (瀏覽日期:2012年2月7日)
呂學都,2007年12月4日。〈當前國際氣候變化談判的核心議題〉,《中外對話》, http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1543-Toward-a-post-Kyoto-accord (瀏覽日期:2012年1月31日)
亞力克斯˙埃文斯(Alex Evans),2007年12月4日。〈中國希望從全球氣候協定中得到什麼?〉,《中外對話》。 http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1541-What-does-China-want-from-a-global-climate-agreement- (瀏覽日期:2012年1月31日)
胡錦濤,2005年7月12日。〈胡錦濤在G8與五國領導人對話會的書面講話(全文)〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=637 (瀏覽日期:2012年1月22日)
胡錦濤,2008年7月10日。〈在經濟大國能源安全和氣候變化領導人會議上的講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=13259 (瀏覽日期:2011年11月23日)
胡錦濤,2009年9月23日。〈攜手應對氣候變化挑戰〉,《新華網》。 http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-09/23/content_12098887.htm (瀏覽日期:2011年5月26日)
馬軍,2007年10月31日。〈中國將以「生態文明」引領發展模式〉,《中外對話》。http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1440-Ecological-civilisation-is-the-way-forward-for-development (瀏覽日期:2012年1月31日)
國務院辦公室,2010年1月27日。〈國務院辦公廳關於成立國家能源委員會的通知〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=22388 (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
溫家寶,2009年12月20日。〈初始國家信息通報回顧〉,《人民網》。http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/10612372.html。(瀏覽日期:2011年5月26日)
解振華,2007年12月12日。〈在《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第十三次締約方會議暨《京都議定書》第三次締約方會議上的講話〉,《中國氣候變化信息網》。http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File221.pdf (瀏覽日期:2011年12月5日)
英文部分
Books
Adler, Emanuel. 2002. “Constructivism and International Relations.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited byWalter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, London: SAGE.
Backstrand, Karin and Eva Lovbrand. 2007. “Climate Governanc Beyond 2012: Competing Discourses of Green Governmentality, Ecological Modernization and Civic Environmentalism,” In The Social Construction of Climate Change: Power, Knowledge, Norms, Discourses, edited by Mary E. Pettenger, Hampshire: Ashgate.
Bilder, Richard B. 2007. “Beyond Compliance: Helping Nations Cooperate,” In Global Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change, edited by Kathryn Harrison and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bodansky, Daniel. 2001. “International Law and the Design of a Climate Change Regime,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Bodansky, Daniel. 2001. “The History of the Global Climate Change Regime,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Brown, Donald A. 2002. “Climate Change,” In Stumbling toward Sustainability, edited by John C. Dernbach, Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute.
Burch, Kurt. 2002. “Toward A Constructivist Comparative Politics.” In Constructivism and Comparative Politics, edited by Daniel M. Green. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Byers, Michael. 2010. “International Law,” In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, New York: Oxford University Press.
Cass, Loren R. 2007. “Measuring the Domestic Salience of International Environmental Norms: Climate Change Norms in American, German, and British Climate Policy Debates,” In The Social Construction of Climate Change, edited by Mary E. Pettenger, Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Cass, Loren R. and Mary E. Pettenger. 2007. “Conclusion: The Constructions of Climate Change,” In Global Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change, edited by Kathryn Harrison and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Charney, Jonathan L. 2007. “Commentary: Compliance with International Soft Law,” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal system, edited by Dinah Shelton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2007. .International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chinkin, Christine. 2001. “Normative Development in the International Legal System,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Danish, Kyle W. 2008. “The International Regime,” In Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, edited by Michael B. Gerrard, Chicago: ABA Publishing.
Dernbach, John C. 2008. “U.S. Policy,” In Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, edited by Michael B. Gerrard,Chicago: ABA Publishing.
Foot, Rosemary and Andrew Walter. 2011. China, the United States, and Global Order, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gerrard, Michael B. 2008. “Introduction and Overview,” In Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, edited by Michael B. Gerrard, Chicago: ABA Publishing.
Haas, Peter M.. 2007. “Choosing to Comply: Theorizing from International Relations and Comparative Politics,” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal system, edited by Dinah Shelton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Harrison, Kathryn and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. 2010. “Conclusion: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change,” In Global Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change, edited by Kathryn Harrison and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Harrison, Kathryn and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. 2010. “Introduction: Global Commons, Domestic Decisions,” In Global Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change, edited by Kathryn Harrison and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Harrison, Kathryn. 2010. “The United States as Outliner: Economic and Institutional Challenges to US Climate Policy,” In Global Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change, edited by Kathryn Harrison and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hasenclever, Andreas, Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger. 1997. Theories of International Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jeperson, Ronald L., Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein. 1996. “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security,” In the Culture of National Security: Norms, and Identity in World Politics edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, New York: Columbia University Press.
Katzenstein, Peter J. 1996. “Introduction: Alternative Perspectives on National Security,” In the Culture of National Security: Norms, and Identity in World Politics edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, New York: Columbia University Press.
Mitchell, Ronald B. 2001. “Institutional Aspects of Implementation, Compliance, and Effectiveness,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Paterson, Matthew. 2001. “Principles of Justice and Global Climate Change,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Price, Richard and Nina Tannenwald. 1996. “Norms and Deterrence: the Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboos,” In The Culture of National Security: Norms, and Identity in World Politics edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, New York: Columbia University Press.
Raustiala, Kar and Anne-Marie Slaughter. 2002. “International Law, International Relations and Compliance.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, London: SAGE.
Reinicke, Wolfgang H. and Jan M. Witte. 2007. “Interdependence, Globalization, and Sovereignty: The Role of Non-binding International Legal Accords,” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal system, edited by Dinah Shelton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Risse, Thomas and Kathry Sikkink. 1999. “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction,” In The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, edited by Thomas Risse and Kathry Sikkink, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rowlands, Ian H.. 2001. “Classical Theories of International Relations,” In International Relations and Global Climate Change, edited by Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2002. “Introduction: the Impact of International Organizations on the Central and Eastern European States—Conceptual and Theoretical Issues,” InNorms and Nannies: the Impact of International Organizations on the Central and East European States, edited by Ronald Haly Linden, Boston: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Shelton, Dinah. 2007. “Introduction: Law, Non-Law and the Problem of ‘Soft Law’,” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal system, edited by Dinah Shelton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Weiss, Edith Brown. 207. “Conclusions: Understanding Compliance with Soft Law,” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal system, edited by Dinah Shelton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Yamin, Farhana and Joanna Depledge. 2004. The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Periodicals
Acharya, Amitav. 2004. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,” International Organization 58(2): 239-275.
Agashima, Miyuki and Rob Dellink. 2008. “Technology Spillovers and Stability of International Climate Coalitions,” Int Environ Agreement 8: 343-365.
Alderson, Kai. 2000. “Beyond the Linguistic Analogy: Norm and Action in International Politics,” Institute of International Relations, the University of British Columbia Working Paper 31: 1-17.
Alderson, Kai. 2001. “Making sense of state socialization,” Review of International Studies 27: 415-433.
Andresen, Steinar and Lars H. Gulbrandson. 2003. “The Role of Green NGOs in Promoting Climate Compliance,” FNI Repor 1-25.
Bush, Per-Olof, Helge Jorgens, and Kerstin Teus. 2005. “The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Instruments: The Making of a New International Environmental Regime,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598: 146-167.
Chayes, Abram and Antonia Handler Chayes. 1993. “On Compliance,” International Organization 47(2): 175-205.
Checkel, Jeffrey T.. 2001. “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change,” International Organization 55(3): 553-588.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2006. “Tracing Causal Mechanisms,” International Studies Review 8(2): 362-270.
Cortell, Andrew P. and James W. Davis, Jr.. 1996. “How Do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms,” International Studies Quarterly 40(4): 451-478.
Cortell, Andrew P. and James W. Davis, Jr. 2000. “Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda,” International Studies Review 2(1): 65-87.
Dessler, David. 1989. “What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?” International Organization 43(3): 441-473.
Downs, George W., David M. Rocke, and Peter N. Barsoom. 1996. “Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?” International Organization 50(3): 379-406.
Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization 52(4): 887-917.
Franck, Thomas M.. 1988. “Legitimacy in the International System,” The American Journal of International Law 82(4): 705-709.
Goertz, Gary and Paul F. Diehl. 1992. “Toward a Theory of International Norms: Some Conceptual and Measurement Issues,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(4): 634-664.
Haas, Peter M.. 1989. “Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control,” International Organization 43(3): 377-403.
Heggelund, Gørild. 2007. “China’s Climate Change Policy: Domestic and International Development,” Asian Perspective 31(2): 155-191.
Hovi, Jon, Detlef F. Sprinz, and Guri Bang. 2010. “Why The United States Did Not Become A Party To The Kyoto Protocol: German, Norwegian, and US Perspectives,” European Journal of International Relations XX(X): 1-22.
Hurd, Ian. 1999. “Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics,” International Organization 53(2): 379-408.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2001. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments,” International Studies Quarterly 45(4): 487-515.
Koh, Harold Hongju.. 1997. “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?” The Yale Law Journal 106: 2599-2659.
Levi, Werner. 1965. “The Relative Irrelevance of Moral Norms in International Politics,” Social Forces 44(2): 226-233.
Li, Minqu. 2009. “Capitalism, Climate Change and the Transition to Sustainability: Alternative Scenarios for the US, China and the World,” Development and Change 40(6): 1039-1061.
Lidskog, Rolf and Sundqvis Gorant. 2002. “The Role of Science in Environmental Regimes: the Cace of LRTAP,” European Journal of International Relations 8(1): 77-101.
Linklater, Andrew. 2009. “Human Interconnectedness,” International Relations 23(3): 481-497.
Mitchell, Ronald B.. 1994. “Regime Design Matters: Intentional Oil Pollution and Treaty Compliance,” International Organization 48(3): 425-458.
Odile Blanchard, 2003. “The Bush Administration Climate Proposal: Rhetoric and Reality,” A CFE Policy Paper March, 2003: 1-24.
Paye, Rodger A.. 2001. “Persuasion, Frames and Norm Construction,” European Journal of International Relations 7(1): 37-61.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2000. “International Socialization in the New Europe: Rational Action in an Institutional Environment,” European Journal of International Relations 6(1): 109-139.
Simmons, Beth A.. 2000. “International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs,” The American Political Science Review 94(4): 819-835.
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, Andrew S. Tulumello, and Stepan Woo. 1998. “International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship,” The American Journal of International Law 92(3): 367-397.
Stevenson, Hayley. 2010. “India and International Norms of Climate Governance: A Constructivist Analysis of Normative Congruence Building,” Review of International Studies 1-23.
Wendt, Alexander. 1994. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State,” The American Political Science Review 88(2): 384-396.
Wiener, Antje. 2004. “Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics,” European Journal of International Relations 10(2): 189-234.
Zurn, Michael and Jeffery T. Chedkel. 2005. “Getting Socialized to Build Bridges: Constructivism and Rationalism, Europe and the Nation-State,” International Organizations 59(4): 1045-1079.
Official Documents
Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 2 November 1995. “Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Comments from Parties,” FCCC/AGBM/1995/MISC.1/Add.3.
Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 3 November 1995. “Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Comments from Parties,” FCCC/AGBM/1995/MISC.1/Add.4.
Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 1 March 1996. “National Communications: Approach Paper by the Group of 77 and China on Recommendations on Guidelines and Format for Preparation of Initial Communications from Non-Annex I Parties,” FCCC/SBI/1996/MISC.1/Add.1.
Ad Hoc Group On The Berlin Mandate Under UNFCCC, 19 February 1997. “Implementation Of The Berlin Mandate: Proposals from Parties, Part II,” FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.1.
Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 19 February 1997. “Implementation of The Berlin Mandate: Proposal from Parties,” FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.1.
Ad Hoc Working Group On Long-term Cooperative Action Under UNFCCC, 19 May 2009. “Ideas and proposals on the elements contained in paragraph 1 of the Bali Action Plan: Submissions from Parties, Part II,” FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/MISC.4 (Part II).
Algeria, Bangladesh, etc., 18 December 1991. “Proposal on the Entire Section on Commitments,” A/AC.237/WG. I/ L.7.
Climate Change Sceretariat, 11 December 2011. “Durban conference delivers breakthrough in international community’s response to climate change,” Press Release.
Costa Rica (on behalf of the group of 77 + China), 19 February 1997. “Paper No. 2: Possible Features for A Proposal or Another Legal Instrument,” In Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Proposals from Parties.
INC, 19 March 1993. “Matters Relating to Arrangements for the Financial Mechanism and for Technical and Financial Support to Developing Country Parties: Group of 77 and China: Draft Decision,” A/AC.237/L.18.
INC, 11 November 1994. “Matters Relating to Arrangements for the Financial Mechanism Implementation of Article 11 (Financial Mechanism), PARAS. 1-4: Approach paper by the Group of 77 and China on the format for communication of information by non-Annex I Parties,” A/AC.237/L.18.
Lawrence, Susan V. and Thomas Lum, 11 March 2011. “U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues,” Congressional Research Service, R41108.
Set of informal papers provided by delegations (Chinese Delegation), 23 July 1991. “Preparation of A Framework Convention on Climate Change,” A/AC.237/Misc.1/Add.4/Rev.1, (INC. 3rd Session, Nairobi, 9-20 September 1991, Item 2 of the provisional agenda).
U.S. Department of State, 1997. U.S. Climate Action Report 1997, Washington, D.C..
U.S. Department of State, 2002. U.S. Climate Action Report 2002, Washington, D.C..
U.S. Department of State, 2006. U.S. Climate Action Report 2006, Washington, D.C..
U.S. Department of State, 2010. U.S. Climate Action Report 2010, Washington, D.C..
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 26 January 2007. “Executive Order 13423 of January 24, 2007—Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management,” Federal Register. 72(17): 3919.
UNFCCC ERTs, 26 February 1996. “Report on the in-depth review of the national communication of the United States of America,” FCCC/IDR.1/USA.
UNFCCC ERTs, 12 May 1999. “Report on the in-depth review of the national communication of the United States of America,” FCCC/IDR.2/USA.
UNFCCC ERTs, 21 September 2004. “Report on the in-depth review of the national communication of the United States of America,” FCCC/IDR.3/USA.
UNFCCC ERTs, 17 February 2009. “Report on the in-depth review of the national communication of the United States of America,” FCCC/IDR.4/USA,
UNFCCC Secretariat, 26 October 2006. “Status of submissions of fourth national communications and reports demonstrating progress under the Kyoto Protocol,” FCCC/SBI/2006/INF.7. At http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2006/sbi/eng/inf07.pdf (accessed on 22/11/2011)
United Republic of Tanzania (on behalf of the group of 77 + China), 23 October 1997. “Paper No. 5: Submission by United Republic of Tanzania for the Group of 77 and China on QELROs,” in Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Proposals from Parties.
United Republic of Tanzania (on behalf of the group of 77 + China), 30 October 1997. “Paper No. 1: Position Pater of the Group of 77 and China on A Consolidated Text – Part I: Institutions and Mechanisms,” in Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Additional Proposals from Parties.
United Republic of Tanzania (on behalf of the group of 77 + China), 30 October 1997. “Paper No. 1: Position Pater of the Group of 77 and China on A Consolidated Text – Part II: Policy and Measures and PartIII: QELROs,” in Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Proposals from Parties.
Dissertations
Lee, Ho-Ching. 1997. “China’s Participation in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” Ph. D Dissertation, The State University of New York at Albany.
Web Pages
“An Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol Compliance Mechanism,” At http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/compliance/items/3024.php (accessed on 03/10/2011)
“Background on the UNFCCC: The international response to climate change,” At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Background,” At http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/compliance/items/3026.php(accessed on 2011/10/03)
“Bodies,” At http://unfccc.int/bodies/items/6241.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Climate Change Task Forces,”At http://clinton2.nara.gov/PCSD/tforce/cctf/index.html (accessed on 04/01/2012)
“Climate Commissioner Admonishes USA for Climate Change Denial” the Copenhagen Post, 26 September 2011. At http://www.cphpost.dk/news/international/89-international/52211-climate-commissioner-admonishes-usa-for-climate-change-denial.html
“Copenhagen Climate Change Conference - December 2009,” At http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/meeting/6295.php (accessed on 09/01/2012)
“Existing Requirements for Reporting and Review for Annex I Parties under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol,” At http://unfccc.int/national_reports/reporting_and_review_for_annex_i_parties/items/5689.php (accessed on 25/11/2011).
“Fast facts & figures,” At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/basic_facts_figures/items/6246.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Feeling the Heat: Climate Science and the Basis of the Convention”. At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/the_science/items/6064.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Feeling the Heat: Climate Science and the Basis of the Convention”. At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“First steps to a safer future: Introducing The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”. At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/6036.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Kyoto Protocol Bodies,” At http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/kyoto_protocol_bodies/items/2772.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Looking beyond 2012: The Durban outcomes.” At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6825.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Making those first steps count: An Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol”. At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/6034.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Milestones on the road to 2012: The Cancun Agreements”. At http://unfccc.int/essential_background/cancun_agreements/items/6132.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“National Communications Annex I.” At http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/items/1095.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“National Reports”. At http://unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“Non-Annex I national communications.” At http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php (accessed 24/10/2011).
“Overview,” At http://clinton2.nara.gov/PCSD/Overview/index.html (accessed on 04/01/2012)
“Parties & Observers,” At http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
“President’s Council on Sustainable Development” At http://clinton2.nara.gov/PCSD/index.html (accessed on 04/01/2012)
“President's Council on Sustainable Development Climate Task Force: Climate Change Principles,” November 26, 1997. At http://clinton2.nara.gov/PCSD/tforce/cctf/principles.html (accessed on 04/01/2012)
“Status of Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol,” At http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php (accessed on 31/03/2012)
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