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題名:警察與民眾對毒品執法策略認知之研究
作者:陳斐鈴
作者(外文):Fei-Ling Chen
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:警察政策研究所
指導教授:李湧清、孫懿賢
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:臺灣警察毒品執法策略警察認知民眾認知信賴警察Taiwan policedrug enforcementstrategiespolice perceptionscitizen perceptionstrust in police
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本研究探討警察和民眾對毒品執法策略的認知,透過警民認知的比較及瞭解影響因素,來評估警察機關毒品執法的影響。研究模型分為警察對毒品執法策略與績效認知模型、民眾對毒品執法策略與績效認知模型及警民對毒品執法策略與績效認知模型。警察認知模型,包括警察對毒品執法策略嚇阻效用、執法偏失的認知及警察對毒品執法後治安狀況、工作滿足的認知,並以個人背景、接觸經驗及組織內部等三個構面的變項為影響因子。民眾認知模型,包括民眾對毒品執法策略嚇阻效用、執法偏失的認知及民眾對毒品執法後治安狀況、信賴警察的認知,並以個人背景、接觸經驗及社區環境等三個構面的變項為影響因子。警民認知模型,包括警民對毒品執法策略嚇阻效用、執法偏失的認知及警民對毒品執法後治安狀況的認知,以個人背景、地區特性等二個構面的變項為影響因子。
警察資料係以便利樣本,採紙本問卷調查490位新北市政府警察局板橋分局、三峽分局及淡水分局具警職身分在職人員,民眾資料係委託國立政治大學資料採礦研究中心,以電話訪問調查新北市板橋區、三峽區和淡水區年滿20歲以上的450位居民。
主要發現有下列幾點:(一)民眾對毒品執法策略的嚇阻效用持較正面的看法,而警察對毒品執法策略的影響較為樂觀,雙方對毒品執法的可能偏失則較為分歧。(二)影響警察對嚇阻效用看法的因素包括年齡、工作職類、轉換型領導風格、工作重點和裝備賦能。在執法偏失的方面,毒品執法經驗及轉換型領導風格對於擴大臨檢影響商家或消費民眾權益的認知有影響。性別、裁量判斷基準及三峽分局對於加強逮捕毒犯產生執法過當或過度行使武力的認知有影響。年齡、工作職類對於住家查訪影響毒犯想要重新做人意願的認知有影響。在治安狀況方面,影響因素有職務官階、警民互動經驗、裁量判斷基準、轉換型領導風格、工作重點和單位績效壓力。在工作滿足方面,警民互動經驗、轉換型領導風格、工作重點、裝備賦能和單位績效壓力。(三)民眾對嚇阻效用的看法受年齡、社區生活品質及集體效能中的社區巡守的影響。接觸警察經驗、接觸媒體報導經驗及參加社區活動,對於擴大臨檢影響商家或消費民眾權益的認知有影響。對治安狀況的看法則受經濟收入及地區別的影響,而接觸媒體報導經驗、社區生活品質、信任鄰居和三峽區影響民眾對警察的信賴。
未來研究可考慮以下方向:(一)增加預測變項,例如集中弱勢、犯罪/殺人率、基尼指數等鉅觀層次變項,以及人格特質及警察在校或在職訓練經驗、對政治及法律系統的信賴等個人層次變項,均可列入考慮,以加強模型的解釋力。(二)擴充樣本選取,可從兩方面進行改進,一是自多縣市的警局中,隨機抽取警察樣本,另在同轄區內,隨機抽取相同數量民眾樣本,以進行比較;另一方面擴充樣本至其他相關群體,例如毒品使用人,毒品犯罪受害人與觀護人等。(三)多樣化資料蒐集,例如以面談的方式,獲得更深入的資料,也可以焦點座談的方式,邀請學者專家,社區民眾與執法員警等參與討論,可以彌補單一方式的不足,也可以交互檢驗資料的正確性。
This study assesses police’s and citizens’ perceptions of drug enforcement strategies. It is hoped that through a comparison of police and citizen attitudes toward enforcement and the analysis of factors influences their perceptions, a better understanding of the impact of drug enforcement can be achieved. Three models are tested in this study, including the police model, the citizen model, and the police-citizen combined model. In the police model, three groups of variables, including background characteristics, work experience, and organizational factors, are used to predict officers’ perceptions of the deterrent effect, potential problems, law and order, and job satisfaction associated with drug enforcement. In the citizen model, background characteristics, contact experience, and neighborhood characteristics are employed to predict citizens’ perceptions of the deterrent effect, potential problems, and law and order related to drug enforcement, and their trust in the police. Personal background characteristics and locality are used to in the combined model.
Police data were collected through survey of a convenient sample of 490 officers in Banqiao, Sanxia, and Danshui districts of the New Taipei City Police Departments. Telephone survey of a random sample of 450 residents lived at the comparative districts was conducted by the data mining center of National Chengchi University.
Major findings of the research include: (1) Citizens held more positive attitudes toward the deterrent effect of drug enforcement than police officers, whereas officers displayed more favorable attitudes toward the impact of drug enforcement strategies than citizens. The police and citizens are less consistent in their perceptions of potential problems associated with drug enforcement. (2) Factors influencing officers’ perceptions of the deterrent effect include age, assignment, transformational leadership, work focus, and equipment. With respect to potential problems of drug enforcement, drug work experience and transformational leadership affected officers’ perceptions of the impact of aggressive enforcement on local businesses, while gender, discretional judgment, and police district influenced their perceptions of the impact of arrest and use of force. Also, age and assignment affected officers’ perceptions of the effect of household visits on offenders’ willingness to start a new life. Several variables influenced officers’ evaluations of law and order, including rank, work experience, discretional judgment, transformational leadership, work focus, equipment, and performance pressure. Factors shaping officers’ job satisfaction include work experience, transformational leadership, work focus, equipment, and performance pressure. (3) Citizens’ perceptions of the deterrent effect were influenced by age, quality of life and neighborhood watch. Contact with police, known media reports of the police, and participation in neighborhood activity affected citizens’ attitudes toward whether drug enforcement influenced local businesses and consumers. Public perceptions of the effect of drug enforcement on law and order were shaped by income and locality, while their trust in the police are affected by media reports,
quality of life, trust in neighbors, and locality.
Directions for future research include: (1) Increase predicting variables. Macro-level variables, such as concentrated disadvantaged, crime/homicide rates, and Gini index, and micro-level variables, such as officer personality, academic and on-the-job training, and public trust in political and legal systems, should be considered to enhance explanatory power. (2) Expand sample selection. This can be done in two ways. One is to randomly select officer samples from multiple county/city departments and compare their data with these collected from citizens in corresponding areas. The other is to incorporate relevant groups, such as drug users, drug crime victims, and probation officers, into the sample. (3) Diversify data collection approaches. Face-to-face interviews can be used to gather in-depth data. Focus group discussions with scholars, experts, community residents, and police officers can also be conducted to improve the inadequacy of a sole data collection method and cross-check the validity of various data.
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