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題名：產業品質與廠商海外研發活動：台灣製造業之實證
作者：翁培真
作者(外文)：Weng, Pei-Chen
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：經濟學系
指導教授：翁永和
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2015
主題關鍵詞：產品品質；品質階梯；品質前緣趨近指標；多國籍企業；研發國際化；product quality；quality ladders；proximity to the frontier of quality；multinationals；internationalization of R&;D
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過去數十年間，台灣透過拓展出口以帶動產業升級與高速的經濟成長，出口貿易是台灣經濟發展的主要動能。隨著全球經貿的整合，許多新興經濟體憑藉著大量的勞動力、原物料與與土地投入生產，以低廉的產品廣泛地衝擊全球的出口市場。對於以出口貿易為經濟發展導向的台灣而言，如何提升產業出口品質是因應當前國際市場競爭與本國產業得以永續發展的關鍵課題。
本論文的第一部分基於一個巢式logit需求模型，運用美國1989年至2010年海關資料，推估全世界各國出口至美國的各項產品品質，並且對於過去二十年間台灣出口至美國市場的產品品質變化，提供一個概述性的說明。實證結果顯示，台灣於分析期間出口結構朝向長品質階梯的產品調整，然而台灣整體出口品與世界上品質領先者的差距則明顯地擴大。這一方面是源於台灣在既有出口品品質優勢流失，另一方面也由於台灣朝向原不具品質優勢產品轉型。此外，在分類產業的實證分析則顯示，儘管不同技術密集程度的產業皆呈現品質階梯長度上升且產業前緣趨近指標下降的態勢，但其品質演化的時程及其成因不盡相同。
產品品質的提升有賴廠商本身的生產技術與研發能力，廠商於海內外之研發活動為一核心驅動因素。隨著全球經貿的整合與生產網絡的形成，現今廠商海外的經營活動從過去單純的生產基地肩負著更具策略性之角色。本論文的第二部分探討台灣製造業廠商海外研發布局之取向，運用廠商問卷調查區分其海外研發的型態，並且分析區位特徵、廠商特徵、與廠商海外研發型態的關聯。實證結果顯示，廠商的海外研發型態在產業間存在明顯的差異，高技術產業相較於低技術產業較不傾向採取積極型的研發型態。在區域分佈的部分，符合多數文獻之推論，台灣廠商在已開發國家有較高的比例進行提升品質與開拓市場的積極型研發型態。最後，產業屬性、當地的市場規模與經濟發展程度、子公司的出口比重等因素，對於廠商在海外研發型態之取向有不同程度的影響。平均而言，相較於低技術產業，台灣的高技術廠商較不傾向於海外進行因應當地市場需求的研發型態。在區位特徵的部分，當地的經濟發展程度則顯著地提高廠商海外研發活動的可能性，尤其是對於台灣高技術廠商而言，當地之經濟發展程度對其進行積極型研發活動的可能性有顯著的加乘效果。在廠商特徵的部分，隨著海外子公司的出口比重越高，台灣製造業廠商越可能選擇製程研發之海外研發型態，對於重視當地市場潛力的研發型態的傾向則越小。
出口品在國際市場上的表現是廠商進行其海內外生產配置與研發布局的重要因素。在論文的第三部分，從產業的出口品質面向，分析台灣出口產業在國際市場之競爭實力與廠商海外研發型態的關係。研究結果發現，長品質階梯產業的廠商較不傾向於海外進行積極型的研發型態；其次，對於長品質階梯的產業而言，區域的經濟發展程度越好對於廠商進行積極型的海外研發型態有加乘的效果；最後，當台灣產業的品質位階越優於投資區位的品質位階，廠商越不傾向在海外進行積極型的研發型態。
This dissertation is organized by three essays attrempting to explore issues regarding product quality and the overseas R&;D activities among Taiwanese manufactures. We aim to clarify the following questions：（1）What is the pattern of changes of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods？（2）How to distinguish overseas R&;D strategies adopt by Taiwanese multinational enterprises, and what are the determinants of oveseas affiliates’ R&;D strategies？（3）What is the role of product quality in the decision of oveseas affiliates’ R&;D strategies？We propose an industrial quality indicator based on global trade data and Feenstra and Romalis（2014）results to measure a market-based value to industry competiveness, and test the relationship with oveseas affiliates’ R&;D strategies.
In the first essay, we uses disaggregated U.S. product-level trade data to investigate the evolution of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods between 1989 and 2010. Our results suggest that during the sample period, while Taiwanese exports became more focused on products with longer quality ladders, they also became further away from the world quality frontiers. This occurs because Taiwanese lose its quality advantage in existing products, and also because Taiwanese attempted to make a transition to products they initially did not have advantage in. We also study the evolution of product quality among different sectors, and our results suggest that while the trends look similar across sectors, there appears to be substantial heterogeneity in terms of the actual timing and causes.
In the second essay, we explore the overseas R&;D activities by Taiwanese multinationals using data from the 2007-2010 Survey on the Outward FDI of Taiwanese Manufactures and classify five distinct overseas R&;D strategies: two associated with process innovations and three with product innovations. Our empirical results suggest that firm characteristics and host location attributes all affect Taiwanese firms’ overseas R&;D strategies. We find that firm affiliates’ exporting ratios positively correlate with process innovation strategies, while parent companies’ R&;D intensity positively correlates with product innovation strategies. We also find that host location market size is positively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at local markets, while negatively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at upgrading; host location’s income level has the exact opposite effects.
In the third essay, we find that in general Taiwanese firms in long quality ladder industries（or industries with more vertical differentiation potential）are more likely to conduct process innovations overseas. In addition, we find that firms tend not to conduct product innovation strategies if the relative industry competitiveness of the host country to that of the home country is lower.
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