:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:貿易政策調整下研發投入對農業部門影響之研究
作者:葉春淵
作者(外文):Chun -Yuan Yeh
校院名稱:國立中興大學
系所名稱:農業經濟學系
指導教授:郭義忠
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2002
主題關鍵詞:研究發展可計算一般均衡貿易自由化競爭優勢R&D investmentcomputable general equilibriumtrade liberalizationcompetictive advantage
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:61
在小型開放經濟體系的假設下,本文建立一包涵研究發展、貿易與所得關連之CGE模型。基於研究發展對部門間具有外溢效果能影響產業間投入產出結構的假設下,分析投注不同的研究發展資源在原貿易及新貿易情境下(關稅減讓與限量進口等貿易調整政策),對農業部門的影響效果。模型特色則包含:(1)、政策變動對產出結構、資源調整與所得的衝擊,係透過內生化的全面均衡體系所決定。其中,農家總所得來源乃細分成:農業部門的要素所得、非農部門之兼業所得、國外經常移轉與政府對農家之移轉所得;並將其納入社會會計矩陣的平衡架構;(2)、將研究發展支出分為「經常性」及「資本性」兩類;並將民間部門經常性研發支出列於「企業帳」,除可分析研發政策對整體經濟衝擊外,更能萃取其對於企業儲蓄、盈餘分配及企業直接稅等資金的影響;(3)、對於研究發展誘發係數與貿易彈性值的設定,係採隨機模擬方式加以估算,相對延展政策模擬的判定空間。
本文模擬結果顯示:研究發展資源的投入及貿易市場的開放具有促進經濟成長的效果(成長率介於0.078﹪∼ 0.309﹪),而政策的衝擊藉由國內各市場的互動調整,促使資源使用、產出結構、家計所得及福利水準進行重新分配。整體而言,研究發展資源投入未如預期的提升家計所得、附加價值率及農業部門要素報酬。相對地,研發資源對於部門別產出結構及要素生產力的提升則成效較佳。另就研究發展搭配貿易政策調整方面,可發現貿易政策調整如預期將不利農家所得的提升(農家所得減少2.1﹪)。具體而言,經由產出、貿易結構、資源、家計所得及福利的變化可歸納如下數點:
一、農業部門的研究發展投入有助於非農業部門產出的成長。農業部門增加研究發展投入,除電子及機械相關產業外,非農業部門相關部
門皆受益於外溢波及;即便成長率不大,但影響所及之產業層面極為廣泛。
二、就政策效果,可發現貿易政策調整(關稅化及限量進口)將使家計部門相對所得分配趨向惡化,亦即相對而言農家及非農家所得之差距將擴大。
三、研究發展獎勵措施所產生之加成效果不明顯。可能由於研究發展投資抵減及研究發展投資補助的資金額度不多,以致於相關經濟結構僅微幅調整。就政策效果而言,若不違反相關出口補貼規範及增加政府財政赤字的前提下,研究發展獎勵措施應以投資補貼為依歸。
四、增加研究發展支出密度,將有助於農業部門產出及要素生產力的提升。由模擬數據顯示:在其他條件不變下,農業部門(部門1∼8)的產出皆因研發資源的投入而增加;但面對新的貿易條件時,因進口替代之故,使國內農業產出大幅萎縮。再觀之要素生產力的變化,可發現勞動及資本邊際生產力亦和研發密度有密切關連;其中園藝作物、毛豬、林產、漁產與食品加工等部門即因投入較多的研發資源而使要素生產力提升幅度較大。
五、研究發展投入所誘發之農業部門生產要素配置調整甚小。而面對新的貿易政策;進口替代所產生極大的資源外移,農業相關部門吸納資源的能力也極為有限,農業各部門所釋出之剩餘資源,仍轉往非農部門尋求就業機會。因此,如何均衡配置失業資源,將為未來農業調整政策所須面臨之迫切間題之一。
六、農產品競爭力提升程度有限;農產貿易進、出口不對稱成長情況難獲改善。研究發展的投入對於農產品的競爭力提升十分有限(RCA介於3.296﹪∼-12.649﹪),並無法產生競爭優勢及緩和進口替代。是故,相關進口損害救助機制及特別防衛條款所扮演的角色即十分重要。
What are the relationships between Taiwan’s R&D regime and agricultural productivity? What are relative effects of alternative trade and R&D policy package on the income distribution? For resolving these policy decision-making problems, more intensive investigations are needed.
The purpose of this thesis is to construct a computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of R&D investment and tariff cuts on agricultural productivity and farm income distribution. The model incorporates product differentiation for both imports and exports while keeping the small country assumption by maintaining infinite supply elasticity for imports and infinite demand elasticity for exports. The most important extensions include capital and current enterprise R&D activity in general equilibrium and endogenous determinants of extended functional income distribution. Additional efforts have been made by using Monte Carlo procedure to correct the point estimation of the model solutions and to test model robustness.
The major findings of policy simulation include : (1)Real GDP increases in all various experiments, indicating that there are efficiency gain from trade liberalization and R&D investment through resource reallocation. The R&D spillover effects of agriculture sector on nonagricultural production, factor allocation, tends to be more significant, especially in the case of sectional R&D adjustment experiment。
(2) There is noticeable decrease in farm income by the case of trade liberalization. The more agricultural products imported, the more farm
income declined. On the other hand, non-farm income increases associated with degree of openness in non-agricultural sectors.
(3) The R&D subsidy and tax credit, in general, have only minor effect on industries and whole economy. In comparing the effects of R&D investment tax credit and R&D subsidy, the results show that the effect of the former is less than the latter in terms of domestic output.
(4) R&D investment in agriculture has a positive effect on productivity growth. Among agricultural scopes, the holticultural crops, hogs, forestry, fishery and food products, tend to be more significant.
(5) The results also shows that the resource reallocation effects from the R&D investment in agriculture are relatively smaller than that from trade liberalization. A general implication derived from the results of the trade liberalization experiment indicates that more policy attention should be devoted to the factor market adjustment.
(6) limitation for the improvement of agricultural competitiveness, the situation of asymmetrical growth between import and export of agricultural products will not be improved. R&D investment plays a minor role in competing and decreasing import substitution effects, therefore, import relief mechanism and special safe guards(SSG) will do a more important part.
參考文獻
行政院農業委員會(1994),關稅及貿易總協協定烏拉圭回合農業協議及因應對策參考資料。
王金凱(1987),我國製造業廠商研究發展決定因素之研究,台灣大學經研所碩士論文。
王旭堂(1995),「國際貿易、運輸成本以及我國開放藉船員經濟效果的實證分析」,經濟論文,23:1,PP:221-263。new window
王健全、陳厚銘(1995),促進產業升級條例有關研究發展投資抵減之獎勵效果評析,中華經濟研究院。new window
尤敏君(1997),「出口競爭力指標之研究-兼論我國出口產業競爭力」,台灣經濟研究月刊,第20卷,第4期,PP:35-44。new window
尤湧強(1995),關稅調降對我國勞動就業影響之研究,淡江大學產經所碩士論文。
江莉莉(1982),「台灣生產事業投資函數之研究」,台灣經濟研究所叢刊,台灣經濟研究院。
李朝賢、邱泰穎(1995),「台灣農業研究發展與技術變動之經濟分析」,農業經濟半年刊,第57期,PP:1-28。new window
李篤華(2001),多國聯結多區域可計算一般均衡整合模型之建立與應用-加入WTO對台灣區域經濟之影響,台灣大學農經所博士論文。new window
李舟生(1995),「烏拉圭回合農業協議及美國農業政走向--兼述我國農業政策改革方向」,台灣經濟金融月刊,第31卷,第7期,PP:48-61。
李木青(1994),「加入關貿總協與農業境內支持」,農政與農情,第27期,PP:28-36。
李唐芝(1999),研究發展、專業技術訓練與經濟發展,台灣大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
吳勝銘(1993),能源科技研發績效整體評估研究,交通大學科管所碩士論文。
杜英儀(2002),「台灣產業研發的金融性協助措施:現況與檢討」,經濟前瞻,第81期,PP:60-65。
林大侯、吳榮義、朱雲鵬、許松根、陳振銘、李佳玲、林政憲(1992),產業決策動態計量模型之建立及相關研究(CGE部分),台灣經濟研究院。
林治廷(2000),科技研發專案的連續多期效率評估,交通大學工業工程研究所碩士論文。
林幸君、劉瑞文、徐世勳(1998),「兩岸加入WTO對總體經濟與產業結構變動之影響評估 — 全球貿易分析模型(GTAP)之應用」,台灣經濟學會年會論文集,PP:81-113。
林華德(1992),我國農業補貼支出之研究,行政院經濟建設委員會經濟研究處。
林師模(1996),研發補助及租稅獎勵政策對主要新興工業影響之評估,行政院經濟建設委員會部門計劃處。
林師模、許書銘(1999),「APEC國家農業生產結構、貿易轉型與農業競爭優勢」,農業經濟叢刊,第5卷,第1期,,PP:39-87。new window
林國榮(2000),台灣人力需求預測動態CGE模型的建立與運用,文化大學經研所博士論文。new window
林惠玲、李顯峰(1996),「台灣專利權數與R&D支出關係之研究-非負整數記量模型之應用」,經濟論文,第24卷,第2期,PP:273-301。new window
周濟(1987),獎勵投資條例之經濟效益評估分項報告:獎勵投資(總體經濟面),中華經濟研究院。
周濟、王旭堂、郭迺鋒(1999),貿易自由化與要素移動關係之CGE模型模擬分析,中華經濟研究院。
周濟、王旭堂、彭素玲(1995),進入WTO對我國總體經濟及進出口貿易影響之研究,中華經濟研究院。
周濟、金慶平(1994),台灣CGE貿易模型之建立與應用,中華經濟研究院。
周濟、杜巧霞、許素華、王旭堂、吳榮杰、郭迺鋒、金慶平、陳益壯 (1994) ,建立我國台灣地區農業政策評估模型之研究,中華經濟研究院。
周濟、吳榮杰、施正屏、杜巧霞、許素華、郭迺鋒、楊政學、陳明彬、林玉娟、彭素玲 (1996) ,建立台灣農業政策評估模型,中華經濟研究院。
徐世勳、張靜貞(1998),貿易自由化對我國農地與水資源之需求結構的影響及對策,因應貿易自由化之農地利用與水權制度研討會論文集,PP:39-72。
孫克難(1985),台灣地區獎勵投資條例及其經濟效益評估,中華經濟研究院。
孫克難(2000),「新階段產升條例的修正重點、特質與問題」,經濟前瞻,第68期,PP:34-37。
馬維揚(1998),台灣高科技產業發展之實證分析,華泰書局。
陳忠榮、陳威勳(1992),「研究發展外溢效果對廠商潤績效之影響-以自動化新產業為例」,經濟論文叢刊,第20卷,第2期,PP:155-175。new window
陳希煌(1992),價格支持與資材補貼對提高農民所得之影響,國立台灣大學農業經濟研究所。
陳嘉麟(1989),「農業政策補貼措施與農民受益之分析」,自由中國之工業,第72卷,第2期,PP:9-29。
陳益壯(1995),「關稅減讓與限額進口對農家所得之影響--多部門CGE分析」,台灣經濟金融月刊,第31卷,第9期,PP:100-117。
陳益壯(1996),農產品貿易政策調整對台灣農家所得影響之研究-多部門可計算一般均衡分析,中興大學農經所博士論文。new window
陳明郎(1999),經濟成長,華泰書局。
陳明郎(2000),總體經濟學,雙葉書廊。
陳思慎(1994),「由出口競爭力變化看台灣未來產業發展方向」,台灣經濟研究月刊,第17卷,第7期,PP:65-70。new window
陳坤銘、郭迺鋒(2002),「技術進步與相對工資:外溢可計算一般均衡分析」,第六屆經濟發展學術研討會論文集。
郭迺鋒、陳益壯(1994),「米糖、美援及內向發展策略對台灣早期經濟結構變遷的影響:民國43年12部門可計算一般均衡分析」,中國經濟年會論文發表。
張平奇(1991),輔導民間企業進行研究發展活動問題之研究,交通大學管研所碩士論文。
張愛萍(1999),研究發展與技術引進-上市電子公司Panel data之實證研究,中央大學產經所碩士論文。
張靜云(2000),內生成長經濟理論相關論文集,台灣大學經濟所博士論文。new window
張翔菘(2001),台灣投資獎勵措施經濟效果之可計算一般均衡分析,政治大學國貿所碩士論文。
黃啟泰(1986),科技研發專案計畫成果績效評估之研究,中山大學企研所碩士論文。
黃文志(1994),要素累積與技術進步之內生成長研究,政治大學經研所碩士論文。
黃仁德、羅時萬(2000),現代經濟成長理論,華泰書局。
黃琮琪、陳益壯(1996),「台灣農產品競爭力與競爭效果評估-毛豬產業案例」,台灣經濟,第230期,PP:79-104。
莊福典(1982),「台灣農業勞動與資本替代彈性關係之探討」,農業金融論叢,第7期,PP:67-80。
莊奕琦、許碧峰(1999),「研究發展對生產力的貢獻及產業間的外溢效果﹔台灣製造業實證」,經濟論文,第27卷,第3期,PP:407-432。new window
許書銘(1996),研發補助及租稅獎勵政策對產業結構及主要高科技產業發展之影響分析,中原大學企管所碩士論文。
梁玲菁(1988),我國資訊電子業研究與發展決定因素之研究,中興大學經研所碩士論文。
單 驥(1989),「本國廠商與外資廠商在研究開發上的比較及其投入因素分析-以台灣電子業廠商為例」,經濟論文,第17卷,第1期,PP:35-62。
楊志海(1999),技術來源、創新與生產力,中央大學產經所博士論文。
溫利琪、郭迺鋒、黃耀輝(1999),「空氣污染防制費與相關賦稅之整合研究」,台灣經濟學會年會論文集,PP:131-162。
廖耀宗(1983),台灣農場生產結構之析-多項產品成本函數之應用,國立台灣大學農業經濟研究所碩士論文。new window
蔡光第、楊浩彥(1996),「多層次巢覆式R&D外溢與其對台灣製造業不同科技部門之貢獻」,經濟論文叢刊,第24卷,第1期,PP:29-60。new window
蔡蕙安、陳致綱(2001),「研究發展外溢之產出成長效果與動態調整過程-台灣高科技產業之實證研究」,全國實證經濟學論文研討會論文集。
劉邦典、朱雲鵬、林師模、郭迺鋒、陳振銘、李佳玲(1993),可計算一般均衡模型之建立(經濟部產業科技研發政策效果之一般均衡分析),台灣經濟研究院。
劉邦典、朱雲鵬、陳振銘、張隆宏(1993),可計算一般均衡模型之建立(社會會計矩陣之編製及其在可計算一般均衡模型上之運用),台灣經濟研究院。
劉邦典、林師模、蔡光第、楊浩彥(1993),可計算一般均衡模型之建立(我國製造業各業別間R&D資本之外溢及其貢獻),台灣經濟研究院。
鄭嘉珮、劉錦添(1995),「台灣廠商研究發展支出的分析」,台灣銀行季刊,第45卷,第2期,PP:138-152。new window
蕭敏玲(1992),研究發展對生產力之影響-台灣製造業之實證研究,東吳大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
蕭和鳴、楊浩彥、郭迺鋒(2002),「創新的外溢效果:台灣產業關聯表之實證分析」,第六屆經濟發展學術研討會論文集。
藍科正、王健全、黃宗煌(1992),政府獎勵研究發展、污染防治和自動化生產效果評析,中華經濟研究院。
Adelman, I., and S. Robinson., (1986). ² U.S. Agricultural in a General Equilibrium Framework : Analysis with a Social Accounting Matrix. ² American Journal Agricultural Economics 68 : 1196-1207
Adelman, I., and S. Robinson., (1988). ² Macroeconomic Adjustment and Income Distribution : Alternative Models Applied to Two Economies . ² Journal of Development Economics 29 : 23-44.
Armington, P., (1969) . ² A Theory of Demand for Products Distinguished by Place of Production. ² IMF Staff Paper 16 : 159-178.
Balassa, B., (1966) . ² Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among Industrial Countries. ² American Economic Review 56 : 466-473.
Barro, R. J., (1990) . ² Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. ² Journal of Political Economy 98(5) : S103-S125.
Barro, R. J., and X. Sala-i-Martin., (1992) . ² Public Finance in Models of Economic Growth. ² Review of Economic Studies 59(4) : 645-661.
Bernstein, J. I., and M. I. Nadiri., (1988) . ² Interindustry R&D Spillovers Rates of Return and Production in High-Tech Industries . ² American Economic Review Papers and Proceeding 78 : 429-434.
Blandford, D., and J. Dewber., (1994) . ² Structural Adjustment and Learning to Live Without Subsidies in OECD Countries.² American Journal Agricultural Economics 76 : 1047-1052.
Brooke, A., D. Kendrick., A. Meeraus., and R. Raman., (1998). GAMS — A User’s Guide.
Browm, M. G., and R. A. Severson., (1988). ² Measuring R&D Productivity . ² Research Management Jul-Aug.
Comanor, W. S., (1967) . ² Market Structural Productivity, Product Differentiation, and Industrial Research. ² Quarterly Journal of Economics 81 : 639-657.
Crepon , B., E . Duguet ., and J . Mairesse ., (1996). ² Research, Innovation, and Productivity : An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level . ² NBER Working Paper Series , NO. 6696. Cambridge ,MA.
Cuneo , P., and J . Mairesse ., (1984). ² Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level in French . ² in Griliches , Z., ed . R&D, Patents, and Productivity . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Dervis, K., J. de. Melo, and S. Robinson., (1982). General Equilibrium Model for Development Policy. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Dervaragan, S., J. D. Lewis, and S. Robinson., (1990). ² Policy Lessons from Trade-Focused Two-Sector Models. ² Journal of Policy Modeling 12(4) : 625-657.
Diao, X., and T. Roe., (1997). ² A Dynamic CGE Model of R&D Based Growth in the U.S. Economy : A Experiment Using Growth Theory. ² Department of Applied Economics , University of Minnesota.
Dietzenbacher, E., (2000). ² Spillovers of Innovation Effects. ² Journal of Policy Modeling 22 : 27-42.
Engelbrecht, H. J., (1996a). ² International R&D Spillover, Human Capital and Productivity in OECD Economies. ² Discussion Paper, NO. 96-1, School of Applied and International Economics., New Zealand : Massey University.
Engelbrecht, H. J., (1996b). ² Absorptive Capital, International R&D Spillovers and Productivity in OECD Economics. ² Discussion Paper, NO. 96-4, School of Applied and International Economics., New Zealand : Massey University.
Evenson, R. E., and Y. Kislev., (1973). ² Research and Productivity in Wheat and Maize .² Journal of Political Economy 81 : 1309-1329.
Evenson, R. E., and Y. Kislev., (1975). Agricultural Research and Production . New Haven : Yale University Press.
Fuglie, K., N. Ballenger., K, Day., C. Klotz., M. Ollinger., J. Reilly., U. Vasavada., and J. Yee., Agricultural Research and Development — Public and Private Investments Under Alternative Markets and Institutions. Economic Research Service ,U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Gardener, B. L., (1987) . The Economics of Agricultural Policies ,Macmillan, P.C.:A Division of Mcamillan, Inc.
Goel, R. K.,(1990). ² The Substitutability of Capital , Labor , and R&D in US Manufacturing . ² Bulletin of economic Research 42 : 211-227.
Gopinath, M., and T. Roe., (1996). ² Sources of Growth in U.S. GDP and Economy-Wide Linkages to the Agricultural Sector. ² Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 21(2) : 325-340.
Gopinath, M., and T. Roe., (2000). ² R&D Spillovers: Evidence from U.S. Food Processing ,Farm Machinery and Agricultural sectors .² Economics of Innovation and New Technology 9 : 223-243.
Gopinath, M., T. Roe., and M. D. Shane., (1996). ² Competitiveness of U.S. Food Processing: Benefits from Primary Agriculture .² American Journal Agricultural Economics 78 : 1044-1055.
Goto, A., and K. Suzuki., (1989). ² R&D Capital , Rate of Return on R&D Investment and Spillover of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Industries. ² Review of Economics and Statistics 71 : 555-564.
Griliches, Z., (1967). ² Distributed Lags : A Survery. ² f Econometrica 35(1) : 16-49.
Griliches, Z., (1979). ² Issue in Assessing the Contribution of R&D to Productivity Growth. ² Bell Journal of Economics 10 : 92-116.
Griliches, Z., (1980). ² R&D and Productivity Slowdown . ² American Economic Review 70 : 33-348.
Griliches, Z., (1986). ² Productivity, R&D and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970’s . ² American Economic Review 76 : 141-154.
Griliches, Z., (1990). ² Patent Statistics as Economic Indicator . ² Journal of Economic Literature 28 : 1661-1707.
Griliches, Z., (1994). ² Productivity, R&D and the Data Constraint . ² American Economic Review 84 : 1-23.
Griliches, Z., and J. Mairesse (1983). ² Comparing Productivity Growth :An Exploration of French and U.S. Industrial and Firm Data . ² European Economic Review 21 : 89-119.
Griliches, Z., and J. Mairesse (1984). ² Productivity and R&D at Firm Level . ² in Griliches, Z., ed. R&D, Patents, and Productivity . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Griliches, Z., and J. Mairesse (1990). ² R&D and Productivity Growth:Comparing Japanese and U.S. Manufacturing Firm . ² in Hulten , C. R., ed . Productivity Growth in Japan and the United State. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Griliches, Z., and J. Mairesse (1995). ² Production Function :The Search for Identification . ² NBER Working Paper Series , NO. 5067. Cambridge ,MA.
Grossman, G., and E. Helpman., (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
Hall, B. H., and J. Mairesse (1995). ² Exploring the Relationship between R&D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms . ² Journal of Econometrics 65 : 263-293.
Harrison, G, W., R. Jones, L. J. Kimbell, and R. Wigle., (1993). ² How Robust Is Applied General Equilibrium Analysis ? ² Journal of Policy Modeling 15(1) : 99-115.
Hertel, T. W., (1990a) . ² General Equilibrium Analysis of U.S. Agricultural : What Does It Contribute ? ² The Journal of Agricultural Economics Research 42(3) : 3-9.
Hertel, T.W., (1990b) . ²Agricultural Trade Liberalization and The Developing Countries : A Survey of The Models . ² in Goldin, Ian., and O. Knudesen., ed. Agricultural Trade Liberalization : Implications for Developing Counties : 19-38.
Hertel, T. W., (1990c). ²Economywide Analysis of U.S. Agriculture :What Have We Learned and Have Can We Teach It ?. ² Staff Paper, No.88-8,Dept. of Agr. Econ., Purdue Univ. ,West Lafayette ,IN.
Hertel, T. W., and E. Tsigas ., (1988) . ² Tax Policy and U. S. Agriculture : A General Equilibrium Analysis . ² American Journal Agricultural Economics May, : 289-302.
Kehoe, T.J., (1986) . ² A General Equilibrium Analysis of Price Controls and Subsidies on Food in Mexico . ² Journal of Development Economics 21 : 65-87.
Keller, W., (1997). ²Trade Patterns, Technology Flows, and Productivity Growth. ² Milwaukee : Wisconsin University.
Kilkenny, M., and S. Robinson., (1990). ² Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Agricultural Liberalization : Factor Mobility and Macro Closure. ² Journal of Policy Modeling 12(3) : 527-556.
Kilkenny, M., (1991) . Computable General Equilibrium Modeling of Agricultural Policies : Documentation of 30-sector FPGE GAMS Model of the United Sates . Staff Report No. AGES 9125.Economic Research Service .,U.S.Dept.of Agricultural.
Kilkenny, M., (1993) . ² Rural / Urban Effects of Terminating Farm Subsidies . ² American Journal Agricultural. Economic 75 : 968-980.
Leven, R. C., and P. C. Reiss(1984). ² Test Schumpeterian Model of R&D and Market Structure . ² in Griliches, Z., ed. R&D, Patents, and Productivity. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
Los, B., and B. Verspagen., (2000). ² R&D Spillovers and Productivity :Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Microdata. ² Empirical Economics 25 : 127-148.
Lucas, R . E., (1988). ² On the Mechanics of Economic Development. ² Journal of Monetary Economics 21(1) : 3-42.
Lucas, R . E., (1993). ² Make a Miracle. ² Econometrica 62(2) : 251-272.
Mairesse, J., and B. H. Hall., (1996). ² Estimating the Productivity of Research and Development in French and United States Manufacturing Firm:An Exploration of Simultaneity Issues with GMM Method . ² in Wagner, B., and van Ark., ed . International Productivity Differences . Elservier Science , B. V .
Mansfield, E., (1980). ² Basic Research and Productivity Increase in Manufacturing .² American Economic Review 70 : 863-873.
Mansfield, E., (1986). ² The R&D Tax Credit and Other Technology Policy Issues. ² American Economic Review 76 : 190-194.
Mansfield, E., (1988). ² Industrial R&D in Japan and the United States : A Comparative Study . ² American Economic Review 78 : 223-228.
Mansfield, E., and Switzer., (1985). ² How Effective are Canada’s Direct Tax Incentive for R&D . ² Canadian Public Policy 11(2) : 241-246.
Melo. J. de., and S. Robinson., (1985). ² Product Differentiation and Trade Dependence of the Domestic Price System in Computable General Equilibrium Trade Model .² in Peeter, T., P. Praet., and P. Reding ed. International Trade and Exchange Rates in the Late Eighties. Amsterdam : North-Holland.
Melo, J. de., (1989). ² Product Differentiation and the Treatment of Foreign Trade in Computable General Equilibrium Models of Small Economies. ² Journal of International Economic 27 : 47-67.
Melo, J. de., and D. Tarr., (1992). A General Equilibrium Analysis of US Foreign Trade Policy. Cambridge : The MIT Press.
Melo. J. de., and S. Robinson., (1992). ² Productive and Externalities : Models of Export — led Growth . ² The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 1(1) : 41-68.
Mohtadi, H., (1998). ² Human Capital, Technological Spillovers and Trade in the Mean Countries. ² Working Paper, NO. 9921., Milwaukee : Wisconsin University.
Moran, C., (1993) . ² Trade Reform under Regional Integration Policy Simulations Using A CGE Model for Guatemala . ² Journal of Development Economics 40 : 103-132.
Moser, M. R., (1985) . ² Measuring Performance in R&D Settings . ² Research Management Sep-Oct.
Nestor, D.V., and Carl .A. P.J., (1995). ² CGE Model of Pollution Abatement Processes for Assessing The Economic Effects of Environmental Policy . ² Economic Modeling, 12(1) : 53-59.
Park, W., (1995). ² International R&D Spillovers and OECD Economic Growth .² Economic Inquiry 33 : 571-591.
Powell, A. A., and F. H. G. Gruen., (1968). ² The Constant Elasticity of Transformation Frontier and Linear Supply System .² International Economic Review 9 : 315-328.
Pyatt, G., (1988) . ² A Sam Approach to Modeling .² Journal of Policy Modeling 10(3) : 327-352.
Pyatt, G., and J. I. Round., ed.(1985) . Social Accounting Matrices : A Basis for Planning .Washington DC :World Bank.
Rivera-Batiz, L., and P. M. Romer ., (1991a) . ² Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth .² Quarterly Journal of Economics 425 : 530-555.
Rivera-Batiz, L., and P. M. Romer ., (1991b) . ² International Trade with Endogenous Technological Change .² European Economic Review 35(4) : 971-1001.
Robinson, S., (1989). ² Multisectoral Models.² in Chenery, H., and T. N. Srinivasan ed. Handbook of Development Economics : 885-947.
Robinson, S., (1990). ² Analysis Agricultural Trade Liberalization with Single Country Computable General Equilibrium Models. ² in Goldin, Ian., and O. Knudsen ed. Agricultural Trade Liberalization : Implications for Developing Countries : 201-224.
Robinson, S., M. Kilkenny, and K. Hanson ., (1990) . The USDA/ERS Computable General Equilibrium(CGE) Model of The United States. Staff Report No. AGES 9049. Economic Research Service ,U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Roe, T., and H. Mohtadi ., (2001) . ² International Trade and Growth : An Overview Using the New Growth Theory. ² Review of Agricultural Economics 23(2) : 423-440.
Romer, P. M., (1986). ² Growth Based on Increasing Returns Due to Specialization. ² Journal of Political Economy 94(5) : 1002-1037.
Romer, P. M., (1987). ² Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth . ² American Economic Review 77(2) : 56-67.
Romer, P. M., (1990). ² Endogenous Technological Change . ² Journal of Political Economy 98(5) : 77-102.
Shoven, J. B., and J. Whalley., (1992). Applying General Equilibrium, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Su, Min-Jiun (1992). ² A General Equilibrium Analysis For the Taiwanese Tariff Cuts. ² Journal of Agricultural Economics 51 : 119-140.
Temple, J., (1999). ² The New Growth Evidence. ² Journal of Economic Literature 37 : 112-156.
Uno , K., (1989). ² Research and Development in an Input-Output Framework-A Methodological Exposition. ² in Uno, K., ed. Measurement of Services in an Input-Output Framework : North-Holland.
Wallin, C. C., and J. J. Gilman., (1986). ² Determining The Optimun Level for R&D Spending. ² Research Management Sep-Oct : 19-24.
Whalley, J., and B. Yeung., (1984). ² External Sector ‘Closing’ Rule in Applied General Equilibrium Models. ² Journal of International Economics 16 : 123-138.
Xu, B., and J. Wang., (1999). ² Capital Goods Trades and R&D Spillovers in the OECD. ² The Canadian Journal of Economics 32(5) : 1258-1274.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE