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題名:台灣食物生產與消費型態變遷對環境永續性之影響
作者:林映辰
作者(外文):Lin, Ying-Chen
校院名稱:國立臺北大學
系所名稱:都市計劃研究所
指導教授:黃書禮
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:食物生產與消費能值環境影響永續性地理資訊系統台灣Food Production and ConsumptionEmergyEnvironmental ImpactsSustainabilityGISTaiwan
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 點閱點閱:12
受到全球環境變遷之影響,近年來糧食安全議題已然日益受到國際重視(ESSP, 2002; IHDP, 2005; CGIAR, 2011)。就台灣而言,受到海島地形之自然環境限制,可發展用地面積有限,造成農地資源隨著都市發展需求,逐漸喪失其農地農用之功能,也將對於維持糧食安全有所影響。此外,台灣不僅在食物生產環境有所改變,居民之食物消費型態也受到過去幾十年來的經濟快速發展而有所轉型,由早年的「求溫飽」轉為較多元化之食物消費型態,然而,此些改變恐將對於台灣環境之永續性上有所影響。
能值分析不僅可用於整合自然環境資源,亦可作為評估社會經濟環境之分析方法,本論文中以結合地理資訊系統應用及能值分析方法,評估台灣食物系統變遷所產生之環境影響,希冀藉由分析近年來台灣食物生產與消費之變遷情形,探討台灣食物生產與消費二者對於環境資源(包含農地、生態系統服務、永續性等)之衝擊,並由全台灣範圍降尺度至各鄉鎮市區為對象,期能透過不同空間尺度之分析方式,提供政府做為未來在農業、農地,及糧食安全等層面之相關政策重要參考。本論文主要目的為:一、以空間能值評估方法探討台灣食物生產型態轉變對於環境永續性之影響。二、整合食物消費資料,分析台灣各鄉鎮市區居民食物消費型態之分佈情形,進而探討台灣不同都市化程度地區食物消費型態差異、糧食安全及推動食物消費在地化之困境等議題。
研究成果發現:一、1986~2006年間台灣食物生產所產出之能值降低,而同時造成之環境負荷有所增加,導致環境永續性呈現下降趨勢。二、台灣農業生產總面積自1995至2006年間減少約72,930公頃,然而同時間高於海拔500公尺之高山、坡地農業面積卻顯著增加約9,665公頃。三、1995-2006年間食物生產之生態系統服務(包括食物供給服務及其調節服務)降低了約6.97 E+20 seJ。四、生態系統服務能值指標顯示台灣生產其他作物(多為高山、坡地地區所生產之蔬菜、水果等),其導致之環境負面影響遠高於稻米減產所降低之影響達14.6倍,而此些高山農業所造成之調節能力流失程度亦達其可提供食物供給服務能力之3.2倍,皆可顯見高山農業蔓延對於台灣環境破壞甚鉅。五、政府所推廣之平地造林政策,雖可維持農業土地本身之生產力與地景美質,但對於整體生態系統服務能力供給上,其正面效益十分有限。六、就食物消費型態上,台灣除了穀類消費呈現下降趨勢外,油脂、水果、肉類等項目皆有顯著之成長,顯見台灣居民在食物消費上以從消費主食,求溫飽為主,日漸轉變為較多元之食物消費型態。同時台灣居民有日益仰賴進口食物之趨勢,特別是在蔬菜、水果、家畜及家禽肉品上。七、為滿足台灣居民食物消費量所需投入之環境資源能量,遠高於台灣本身可供給之可再生環境資源約2.88倍。八、台灣都市化程度不同之地區其食物消費型態亦有些微不同,而台灣自產稻米、蔬菜及水果除了供國人食用外,皆仍有足夠之數量可供出口,尚無維持糧食安全上之危機,然以北部區域為台灣面臨糧食安全議題所需關注之重點區域。九、利用英格蘭保護鄉村運動對於在地食物之定義加以考量,台灣推行全面食物消費在地化運動將有其困難性存在,尤以都市化程度最高之北部區域為甚。十、空間能值分析方法提供較詳細之能值分佈資訊,將可作為評量環境永續性上之有效分析方式,更可透過能值指標空間估算成果指認出環境脆弱地區,協助政府在因應極端氣候事件上,合理投入環境保護資源於不同空間區位之引導。
Under the influence of global environmental change, the issue of food security has become progressively more important in recent years (ESSP, 2002; IHDP, 2005; CGIAR, 2011). Taiwan is a highly industrialized country with high population density. However, limited by the island terrain, there are restricted natural resources and land for development. This high settlement density has caused many farmlands to be gradually destroyed and transformed to build-up areas, which has had consequences for maintaining food security. Furthermore, not only has the food production environment been altered, but the food consumption patterns have also changed due to rapid economic growth during the last few decades. The food consumption pattern has changed from “be satisfied” to “be fastidious”; however, both these changes may also impact the environmental sustainability of Taiwan. The emergy approach, which not only integrates the natural resources, but also the socio-economic environmental factors, could be appropriate for analyzing the environmental impacts caused by the food system. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools are great used in this study. The research purposes are as follows: (1) To understand how the agricultural production system changed in Taiwan, and how the environmental sustainability was altered by these changes; (2) to analyze how the food consumption pattern changed at the different spatial levels in Taiwan, and to illustrate the problem generated by these changes. The research results reveals the following: (1) The decreasing Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) indicates lower emergy yields and greater environmental impact from food production during the 1986-2006 period in Taiwan; (2) total agricultural production areas in Taiwan decreased by 72,930 ha from 1995 to 2006. However, high-altitude agriculture (over 500 meters) increased significantly, by about 9,665 ha; (3) ecosystem services (calculated by combining food provision services and the regulation services) decreased by about 6.97 E+20 seJ (solar emergy Joule) from 1995 to 2006; (4) the results of the Ecosystem Services Emergy Index (ESEI) indicate that the increases in the food producing function are outweighed by the losses in regulatory services (3.20 times) in the high-altitude agricultural areas; (5) imported food, especially vegetables, fruits, and livestock & poultry, played an increasingly important role in meeting food consumption requirements in Taiwan; (6) the results of the Emergy Footprint of Food (EFF) indicate that the resources used for food consumption in Taiwan are much higher than the natural environment can provide (2.88 times); (7) the spatial emergy approach effectively identifies the distribution of vulnerable areas via GIS, and provides the government with the information required for the appropriate allocation of resources for environmental protection in different areas.
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