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題名：資本主義多樣性的鐵籠?市場經濟的內生性制度演化理論:以台灣與南韓的金融科技新創公司為例
作者：可宥倪
作者(外文)：Karpijoki, Joni Olavi
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
指導教授：蔡中民
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2018
主題關鍵詞：內生性制度變革；新制度主義；制度革新；金融科技；南韓；台灣；Institutional change；New institutionalism；Institutional entrepreneurship；Fintech；Korea；Taiwan
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The dissertation proposes a novel and innovative theoretical framework with extensive new empirical data to illustrate how bottom-up endogenous institutional evolution of societies operates and how new startups create new institutions. The research is motivated by theoretical puzzle derived from empirical observations of constant dynamism of market economies challenging the theories of new institutionalism – each year 20-30% of old firms are replaced with new startups. Constant dynamism is a puzzle as New institutionalism (especially Varieties of Capitalism) has construed institutions as ‘Iron Cages’, where rational actors’ optimal strategy within equilibriums is to reproduce the institutions and hence there should be no utility for innovative startups. Fintech startups of Taiwan and Korea provide excellent case study to research how and why new startups are able to restructure the institutions of market economies. The qualitative comparative case study of Taiwan and Korea by data triangulation analyzes extensive new data from interviews of fintech ecosystem stakeholders (startups, VCs, incubators, governmental entities), government documents and industry statistics. The qualitative case study contributes novel findings to illustrate the fintech startups create new institutions to re-organize how economic behavior is coordinated within societies and the startups act as focal points to guide and advice the government in formal regulatory reforms. Case study illustrates also that government is a reactionary entity – formal policies follow informal behavior – but governments can suppress or amplify institutional change by supporting startups. Fintech industry growth of Korea is driven by startups but government is amplifying the growth while in Taiwan the government has blocked innovation. The dissertation contributes new dynamic theory of institutions, with new dynamic structural foundations of institutions, to advance new institutionalism’s understanding how spontaneous and endogenous open-ended institutional evolution is constantly occurring and how startups are predisposed to act as institutional entrepreneurs to create new institutions to restructure and re-organize contemporary market economies.
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Interviews
Beikverdi, A. (2018, March 15). Personal interview.
Cha, I. (2018, February 8). Personal interview.
Chen, A. (2017a, August 25). Personal interview.
Huang, T. (2018, February 5). Personal interview.
Nahm, J. (2018, April 28). Personal interview.
Yoon, J. (2018, March 15). Personal interview.
Wu, T-t. (2017, October 27). Personal interview.
Government documents - Taiwan
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2018, January 9). Spread of mobile payments will spur innovative new applications [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=49DA59E9806270E5
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017a, May 4). Executive Yuan passes bill on fintech innovation and experimentation [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312200004&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017b, November 24). Premier anticipates 90 percent mobile payment usage by 2025 [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=4020937B975FC954
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017c, November 14). Investment meeting: Improving the startup investment environment [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=4020937B975FC954
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017d, October 26). Government moves to create a friendlier regulatory environment [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=6146BD4918CB650A
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017e, November 19). Premier calls for greater financing support for youth startups, social enterprises [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=A78E0B55A8ECE5A3
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017f, September 29). Four-year S&T development blueprint to boost Taiwan’s competitiveness [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=73E5B8754F9A317C
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017g, August 24).Taiwan to invest NT$ 16 billion in artificial intelligence [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=62BD6E7511B6F311
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017h, July 12). Taiwan eyes world-leading position in smart technology industry [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=C6214DA511AF092E
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017i, April 20). Asian Silicon Valley plan to take Taiwan industries to the next level [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=18F454F4D04BC175
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2017j, April 7). Executive Yuan approves Forward-looking Infrastructure Development Program [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=069D45795F8BFE5B
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016a, December 16). Government ministries and agencies using technology to promote open government [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=A3C086767C390341
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016b, November 24). DIGI+ plan to build digital nation, develop innovative economy [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=A6E403AB5524390A
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016c, September 24). Public, private sectors cooperate on ‘Asian Silicon Valley’ plan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=CDF18B368A968BB2
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016d, September 8). ’Asian Silicon Valley’ plan to transform economic structure [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=9CE7AB23A896D5BA
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016e, September 1). Financial sector help lift real economy [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=0F4918DDEA5734F8
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016f, August 25). Taiwan working to improve investment climate [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=5B3B37F971BA5E65
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016g, August 18). Cabinet approves 2017-2020 administrative policy plan draft [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=72155BAADF14BEBD
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016h, June 15). Five innovative industries to create high-quality jobs [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=92FAC2E92CA4E486
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016i, May 17). Launch of mobile-payment service to boost e-payment trend [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=E2FF11EE9FBEA65F
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016j, April 27). Taiwan drafts financial technology white paper [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=C9F488FCC4BFBBC6
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016k, April 1). Executive Yuan’s entrepreneurship board spurs startups and investments [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=4E0C745E5B1BB04D
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016l, February 25). One-stop integrated services assist young entrepreneurs [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=9DE4A573260A2344
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016m, January 7). Task force transforming industries and developing business models [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=955D6D36C583416E
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2016n, January 7). Taiwan aiming to become hub for online business [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=700ADC95EA1B0144
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015a, November 5). Fundraising programs creating fertile environment for startups [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=231F47317E4FBCC7
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015b, November 29). Four strategies to accelerate Taiwan into new growth era [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=B216E7BD8ED577C3
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015c, November 7). Taiwan stepping up support for innovation and entrepreneurship [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=DD527DAE05DE8C54
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015d, September 24). Engaging enterprises with startups to drive economic transformation: premier [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=4B0167C4D24A449F
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015e, August 21). Executive Yuan startup base formally opens [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=0FE55C52B2728845
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015f, August 20). Premier expounds Productivity 4.0 to overhaul economy [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=C539021C42EB6DEA
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015g, July 9). Government promoting innovative finance via digitization [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=854E784181C52513
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015h, April 23). Equity-type crowdfunding will help youth startups: premier [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=677A5D68FF61DC4C
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015i, March 9). Executive Yuan discuses startup environment with young entrepreneurs [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8c62ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=5494A56A6949B6D2
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015j, February 12). Make Taiwan a financial management center for Asia-Pacific: Mao [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=B258FC9928333CB7
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2015k, January 14). Innovation and entrepreneurship board to build links to Silicon Valley [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=6418633126C2C65C
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2014a, December 24). Create an entrepreneur-friendly environment: premier [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=3086CDA5E67B99A5
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2014b, September 18). Financial sector gives creativity businesses a boost [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=3F7B89AB4F6D8F66
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2014c, July 31). Premier applauds ITRI innovation [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=EFA0239D10D66674
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2014d, July 9). Make Taiwan an international cluster of entrepreneurship: premier [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=2B445FAE2616D36E
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2014e, February 20). Technology development program reaping economic benefits [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=37B88EAA73C98A44
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2013a, November 7). Creative startup program to launch five new businesses [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=2F51EAE0C5BCD7A5
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2013b, May 28). Executive Yuan unveils stimulus measures to enliven economy [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=0211FF1C2F1D91F6
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2013c, May 22). Full speed ahead on deregulation [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=BD36B649DDF6F666
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2012, June 7). Executive Yuan passes “golden decade” national development plan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=524898797FED7E26
Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2010, December 16). Taiwan ranks 7th worldwide in policymaking transparency [Press release]. Retrieved from https://english.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=8262ED7A25916ABF&sms=DD07AA2ECD4290A6&s=705C86C7FACDFED4
FinTechBase, Institute for Information Industry, Taiwan. (2018). FinTechBase Website. Retrieved from https://fintechbase.com.tw
Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan – Small and Medium Enterprise Administration (MOAS MEA). (2018). Economic Statistics 2007-2018. Retrieved from https://www.moeasmea.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2018a, March 14). 2018 New Year Press Conference on FSC Recent Performance [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201803140001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2018b, March 8). The Financial Technology Development and Innovative Experimentation Act was passed in the Legislative Yuan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201803080001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017a, June 7). The Executive Yuan approved the draft “Financial Technology Innovative Experimentation Act” [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&aplistdn=ou=Bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dataserno=201706070001&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017b, December 27). FSC invites the Taiwan Financial Services Roundtable to discuss the White Paper on Finance Recommendation at a discussion meeting [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201712270003&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017c, November 10). FSC promotes the Program to Encourage Investment by Insurance Industries in Key Innovative Industries [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201711100001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017d, November 11). Amendments to some articles of the Rules Governing the Administration of Electronic Payment Business [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201710110002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017e, November 11). Securities investment consulting enterprises providing a Robo-Advisor service are allowed to execute automated “re-balance transactions” for their clients through their computer systems under specific conditions [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201710110001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017f, September 6). The FSC introduced further deregulation to waive the requirement of signature of the insurance applicant and the insured for application for specific types of non-life insurance [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201709060005&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017g, July 6). The FSC will introduce deregulatory measure for applications to set up domestic branches by financial institutions [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201707060002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017h, June 7). The Executive Yuan approved the draft “Financial Technology Innovative Experimentation Act [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201706070001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2017i). Annual Report of 2016-2017. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=56&parentpath=0,4
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016a, June 23). The FSC released FinTech Development Strategy White Paper [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201608240002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016b, November 10). The FSC puts forward the Financial Technology Development Promotion Plan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201611290001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016c, November 9). Promoting the international mobile payment [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201611290002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016d, November 17). Amendments to Article 3, 4 and 6 of the Regulations Governing the Standards for Information System and Security Management of Electronic Payment Institutions, amendments to Article 2 and 12 of the Rules Governing the Administration of Electronic Payment Business [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201610170004&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016e, November 17). Financial industry works with the technology industry on Fintech upgrade [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201610170001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016f, September 22). Meetings with financial and technology industries will be held for Fintech development [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201609220002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016g, September 22). FSC holds a meeting to discuss financing incentives for five main innovative industries under the “Financial Sector Supporting the Real Economy – Four Supports with Three Powers Project” [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201609220001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016h, June 23). FSC announced White Paper on the Development and Strategies for the Financial Industry [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201608240001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016i, May 17). FSC’s statement about the current development of domestic peer to peer network lending platform [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&aplistdn=ou=Bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dataserno=201605170002&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016j, May 16). 3rd Meeting of the Financial Technology Advisory Committee focuses on Financial Technology Development Strategies White Paper, security financial technology, and blockchain technology [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201605170001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016k, April 12). The FSC actively promotes domestic mobile payment services [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201604120003&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2016l). Annual Report of Financial Supervisory Commission. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=56&parentpath=0,4
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015a, March 9). Policy Plan in 2015 [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=80&parentpath=0,4&mcustomize=onemessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201503090002&aplistdn=ou=talks,ou=one,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=ManagerTalks
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015b). Annual Report 2014-2015. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=56&parentpath=0,4
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015c, December 10). Financial Technology Advisory Committee held the first meeting and introduced several measures, such as the program aiming to double the ratio of domestic e-payment [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201512100002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015d, November 19). FSC establishes the Financial Technology Office and operation begins [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201511190001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015e, October 14). Allowing banks and financial holding companies to invest in financial technological industry [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201510140002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015f, August 13). Create a digitized financial environment to enhance the financial sector’s competitiveness [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201508130002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015g, July 3). FSC can accept electronic payment institution business applications anytime [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201507210005&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015h, June 5). FSC promotes domestic financial service and product related deregulation measures in 2015 [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201506260002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015i, May 5). New era for financial innovation – Strategy blueprint on promoting financial innovation [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201506260001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015j, May 5). Liberalizing equity-type crowdfunding, helping young people become entrepreneurs [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201505220003&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015k, April 7). FSC promotes open financial data [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201505080002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015l, March 5). The legislative Yuan has passed five financial acts, a new milestone for financial industry development [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201503160001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015m, February 5). Expanding actively the scope of financial services and promoting financial service support for industries [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201503030005&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015n, January 5). FSC moves to phase two in relaxation of rules governing online insurance sales [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201502060003&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2015o, February 5). Digital Financial Environment Building Program Fully Activated [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201503030004&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2014a, October 31). FSC explains proposed “Act Governing Electronic Payment Institutions” [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201410310001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2014b, February 5). FSC, Ministry of Culture, and four major industry associations jointly hold forum on financial industry support for creative enterprises [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201402130006&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2014c, February 5). FSC to continue push for financial sector liberalization [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201402130002&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2014d, January 6). FSC adopts Program for Financial Support of Creative Industries [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201401130001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013a, December 5). FSC holds the Deregulation and Development Policy of Financial Innovation Forum [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312230028&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013b, November 5). FSC helps Taiwanese banks expand Asian presence [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312230021&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013c, October 7). FSC promotes new GreTai board for innovative startups [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312230016&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013d, June 5). FSC continues SME lending program [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312230001&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013e, April 5). FSC pushes to liberalize financial sector and strengthen financial market discipline [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312200007&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013f, April 5). Executive Yuan adopts stock market stimulus plan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312200005&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission. (2013g, April 5). Executive Yuan adopted “Direction and Program for Development of the Financial Services Industry” [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.fsc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=74&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=multimessage_view.jsp&dataserno=201312200004&aplistdn=ou=bulletin,ou=multisite,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&dtable=Bulletin
Taiwan National Development Council. (2018). Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) [Website]. Retrieved from https://theme.ndc.gov.tw/eodb_en/default.aspx
Taiwan National Development Council. (2017a). Four Year National Development Plan (2017-2020) and Plan for National Development in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=ECCB6FEDB5CB7EE4&upn=1E0C0E0A648BA46E
Taiwan National Development Council. (2017b). Taiwan Innovation and Entrepreneurship Policy. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=90BEB862317E93FC&upn=7B70255F66FB9DF5
Taiwan National Development Council. (2017c). Startup Regulatory Adjustment Platform [Website]. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=0B881158C3EE8B32
Taiwan National Development Council. (2017d). Promoting Reform of the Financial and Economic Legal System. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=3FCC5705143B2BB7
Taiwan National Development Council. (2016). The Asia Silicon Valley Development Plan: From IT to IoT – Engineering a New Industrial Transformation for Taiwan. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=90BEB862317E93FC&upn=7B70255F66FB9DF5
Taiwan National Development Council. (2014a). HeadStart Taiwan Project. Retrieved from http://ws.ndc.gov.tw/001/administrator/25/ckfile/14305ab9-48c0-4251-9d26-9410f5fc4fab.pdf
Taiwan National Development Council. (2014b). Taiwan’s Free Economic Pilot Zones. Retrieved from http://www.tiaa.com.tw/upload/1456f12ff66000008b69d9c4f8529780.pdf
Taiwan StartupStadium, NDC (2018) StartupStadium Website. Retrieved from https://www.startupstadium.tw
Government documents - Korea
Korea Internet and Security Agency KISA. (2015). Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning – Korea Internet and Security Agency 2015 Korea Internet White Paper. Retrieved from http://www.kisa.or.kr/uploadfile/201609/201609191704033013.pdf
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2018a, January 15). Financial Policy Roadmap for 2018 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=123008
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2018b, January 23). Financial Measures to Curb Speculation in Cryptocurrency Trading [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=123388
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2018c, May 9). Progress in Financial Reform and Policy Tasks ahead [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=126180
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2017a, July 26). FSC Chairman Announces Financial Policy Roadmap [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=121586
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2017b, July 27). Korea’s Second Internet-only Bank Open for Service [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=121585
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2017c, April 3). Korea’s 1st Internet-only Bank Open for Service [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=121592
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2017d, January 5). Financial Policy Direction for 2017 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=121594
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2016a, August 30). World’s First Fintech Open Platform Launched to Ease Development of Innovative Fintech Services [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/eng/new_press/releases.jsp?menu=01&bbsid=BBS0048&selYear=2016&sch1=&sword=&nxPage=2
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2016b, January 5). Amendments to the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services & Capital Markets Act [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=102161
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2016c, January 28). Financial Policy Roadmap for 2016 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=103355
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2016d, January 18). 2016 Financial Policy Focus #2: Promote Competition and Innovation in Financial Sector [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=102691
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2016e, July 23). Fintech Bridge Established between the UK and the Republic of Korea [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/eng/new_press/releases.jsp?menu=01&bbsid=BBS0048&selYear=2016&sch1=&sword=&nxPage=2
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015a, November 29). Preliminary Approval Granted to Kakao and KT Consortiums for Internet-only Bank [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=101041
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015b, October 19). FSC Roadmap to Strengthen Competitiveness of Insurance Business [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=99834
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015c, October 14). FSC Plans Measures to Boost Competitiveness of Financial Investment Businesses [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=99791
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015d, July 23).Crowdfunding to Be Introduced [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=98550
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015e, July 22). Revised Regulation on Financial Institutions’ Outsourcing of Data Processing Business to Take Effect from July22, 2015 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=98483
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015f, July 2). Plan to Strengthen Competitiveness of Korea’s Exchange Markets [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=97784
Korea Financial Services Commission. (2015g, July 1). Major Progress in Financial Reform Initiative [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.kr/downManager?bbsid=BBS0048&no=97604
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