典範連續或典範轉移？德國與英國年金改革研究__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	典範連續或典範轉移？德國與英國年金改革研究
書刊名：	社會政策與社會工作學刊
作者：	葉崇揚／施世駿
作者(外文)：	Yeh, Chung-yang／Shi, Shih-jiunn
出版日期：	2009
卷期：	13:1
頁次：	頁1-51
主題關鍵詞：	英國；德國；年金改革；路徑依賴；典範轉移；United Kingdom；Germany；Pension reform；Path dependency；Paradigm shift
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(15) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:14 共同引用:0 點閱:59

隨著人口老化，年金體系的改革議題逐漸在世界各國中發酵。在許多福利國家退卻的文獻討論中，都指出由於年金體系的成熟、雙重給付、和利益團體等制度性因素限縮了福利改革的範固與路徑，呈現路徑依賴的模式。不過，我們研究發現雖然世界各國年金體系改革模式不盡相同，卻部分呈現制度變遷或甚至是典範轉移的情形。我們選擇年金體系兩種模式的代表國家：貝弗里奇模式的英國、與俾斯麥模式的德國做爲比較研究的個案，從制度變遷的觀點分析兩個國家在1990年代晚期與2000年之後的年金體系變革。英國年金改革的議題集中在解決老人貧窮問題、和加強公私部門的協力關係，因此主要措施是將傳統的SERPS轉變成由國家承擔的S2P，讓無法有SPSs的人口群能夠獲得第二層年金的所得保障，以避免落入貧窮。德國年金改革的議題則是側重於非薪資勞動成本的降低，以「自願的補貼式年金」彌補法定年金的所得替代率的降低，並且增加了資產調查式的基礎年金。我們發現兩個國家的年金體系結構逐漸朝向世界銀行的多柱模式；不過其變遷的模式，英國在2000年的年金變革是屬於典範連續；德國則屬於漸進式典範轉移。

以文找文

With population ageing, the issue of reforming pension systems stands on top of the political agenda worldwide. Numerous academic discussions on the retrenchment of the welfare state have pointed out that institutional factors such as the maturity of pension systems, double payment burden, as well as interest groups, have constrained the extent and scope of welfare reforms, manifesting the staunching effect of path dependency. Yet, our research reveals the possibility of institutional change or even paradigm shift despite the different modes of pension reform worldwide. We choose the prime examples of Beveridge and Bismarck pension systems-United Kingdom and Germany as the cases for comparison; and analyze their pension reforms in the late 1990s and the 2000s from the perspective of institutional change. In the case of British pension reform, the state centered on the issues of resolving elderly poverty and the synergy of public and private sectors, thereby transforming the SERPS into the S2P (State Second Pension) with the aim of providing additional income support for those unable to claim the SPS (Stakeholder Pension Scheme). The German pension reform focused instead on the reduction of non-wage labor cost by encouraging voluntary supplementary pensions in compensation for the declining income replace rate of the statutory pensions, as well as by introducing means-tested basic pensions. As pension reforms of both countries the gearing toward the multi-pillar model of the World Bank, we argue that the British pension reform manifests paradigm continuity, whereas the German case demonstrates incremental paradigm shift.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Bonoli, G.(2003)。Two Worlds of Pension Reform in Western Europe。Comparative Politics，35(4)，399-416。
2.	Bonoli, G.、Palier, B.(2007)。When Past Reforms Open New Opportunities: Comparing Old-age Insurance Reforms in Bismarckian Welfare Systems。Social Policy & Administration，41(6)，555-573。
3.	Hall, Peter A.(1993)。Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policy-making in Britain。Comparative Politics，25(3)，275-296。
4.	Pierson, Paul(1996)。The new politics of the welfare state。World Politics，48(2)，143-179。
5.	Bruno-Latocha, G.、Grütz, J.(2001)。Zusätzliche Altersvorsorge im Altersvermögensgesetz。Deutsche Rentenversicherung，56(6/ 7)，401-424。
6.	Bruno-Latocha, G.、Tippelmann, O.(2003)。Betriebliche Altersversorgung im Umbruch-aktuelle Entwicklungen durch das AvmG。Deutsche Rentenversicherung，58(1/ 2)，13-29。
7.	Bruno-Latocha, G.、Tippelmann, O.(2004)。Änderungen bei betrieblicher und privater Altersvorsorge durch das Alterseinkünftegesetz。Deutsche Rentenversicherung，59(6/ 7)，393-408。
8.	Fawcett, H.(1996)。The Beveridge Strait-jacket: Policy Formulation and the Problem of Poverty in Old Age。Contemporary British History，10(1)，20-42。
9.	Heclo, H.(1986)。General Welfare and Two American Political Traditions。Political Science Quarterly，101(2)，179-196。
10.	Hinrichs, K.、Kangas, O.(2003)。When Is a Change Big Enough to Be a System Shift? Small System-shifting Changes in Germany and Finnish Pension Policies。Social Policy and Administration，37(6)，573-591。
11.	Jensen, C.(2007)。Fixed or Variable Needs? Public Support and Welfare State Reform。Government and Opposition，42(2)，139-157。
12.	Lamping, W.、Rüb, F. W.(2004)。From the Conservative Welfare State to an Uncertain Something Else: German Pension Politics in Comparative Perspective。Policy and Politics，32(2)，169-191。
13.	Leisering, L.(1992)。Selbststeuerung im Sozialstaat-zur Verortung der Rentenreform 1992 in der Sozialpolitik der 80er Jahre。Zeitschrift für Sozialreform，38(1)，3-39。
14.	Natali, D.(2004)。The Hybridisation of Pension Systems within the Enlarged EU: Recent Reforms in Old And New Members。Revue Belge De Securite Sociale，2(3)，353-377。
15.	Reimann, A.(2004)。Das RV-Nachhaltigkeitsgesetz: Gesamtwirkungen und Bewertung。Deutsche Rentenversicherung，59(6/ 7)，318-332。
16.	Schmähl, Winfried(2007)。Dismantling an Earnings-related Social Pension Scheme: Germany's New Pension Policy。Journal of Social Policy，36(2)，319-340。
17.	Starke, P.(2006)。The Politics of Welfare State Retrenchment: A Literature Review。Social Policy and Administration，40(1)，104-120。
18.	Stolleis, M.(1989)。Die Rentenreform 1992 - Bilanz einer 40jährigen Rentenpolitik。Deutsche Rentenversicherung，44(6/ 7)，333-343。
19.	Taylor-Gooby, P.、Larsen, T.、Kananen, J.(2004)。Market Means and Welfare Ends: The UK Welfare State Experiment。Journal of Social Policy，33(4)，573-592。

會議論文
1.	Berner, F.(2005)。Expansion of the Welfare State in an Era of Retrenchment: Conceptions of Social Policy and the Regulation of Private Pension Provision in Germany。

研究報告
1.	Blair, T.、Schröder, G.(1998)。Europe: The Third Way/Die Neue Mitte. Friedrich Ebert Foundation。
2.	Hinrichs, K.(2003)。Between Continuity and Paradigm Shift: Pension Reforms in Germany。
3.	Leisering, L.(2005)。From Redistribution to Regulation: Regulating Private Old-age Pensions as a New Challenge in Ageing Societies。
4.	Streeck, W.、Trampusch, C.(2005)。Economic Reform and the Political Economy of the German Welfare State。

學位論文
1.	Berner, F.(2007)。Der Entgrenzte Sozialstaat: Der Wandel der Alterssicherung in Deutschland und die Entzauberung Sozialpolitischer Fiktionen，Bielefeld, German。
2.	Manow, P.(2001)。Social Protection, Capitalist Production: The Bismarckian Welfare State and the German Political Economy from the 1880s to the 1990s。

圖書
1.	Ebbinghaus, Bernhard(2006)。Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA。Oxford University Press。
2.	Marier, Patrik(2008)。Pension Politics: Consensus and Social Conflict in Ageing Societies。London：Routledge。
3.	Swank, D.(2002)。Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States。Cambridge University Press。
4.	Grief, Avner(2006)。Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade。Cambridge University Press。
5.	Huber, Evelyne、Stephens, John D.(2001)。Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets。London：The University of Chicago Press。
6.	Beveridge, William(194211)。Social insurance and allied services: report by Sir William Beveridge, presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty。London：HMSO。
7.	Pierson, Paul(1994)。Dismantling the welfare state? Reagan, Thatcher, and the politics of retrenchment。Cambridge University Press。
8.	Streeck, Wolfgang、Thelen, Kathleen A.(2005)。Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies。Oxford University Press。
9.	Pierson, Paul(2004)。Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis。Princeton University Press。
10.	Arthur, W. Brian(1994)。Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy。University of Michigan Press。
11.	Pierson, Paul(2001)。The New Politics of the Welfare State。Oxford University Press。
12.	Esping-Andersen, Gøsta(1990)。The Three World of Welfare Capitalism。Oxford：Polity Press。
13.	Skocpol, Theda(1979)。States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China。Cambridge University Press。
14.	Holzmann, Robert、Hinz, Richard(2005)。Old Age Income Support in the 21st Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform。The World Bank。
15.	Hall, Peter A.、Soskice, David W.(2001)。Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage。Oxford University Press。
16.	Blake, D.(2003)。Pension Schemes and Pension Funds in the United Kingdom。New York, NY。
17.	Bleses, P.、Seeleib-Kaiser, M.(2004)。The Dual Tramsformation of the German Welfare State。The Dual Tramsformation of the German Welfare State。Hampshire。
18.	Bonoli, G.(2000)。The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe。The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe。New York, NY。
19.	Bonoli, G.、Powell, M.(2004)。One Third Way or Serveral?。Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?。New York, NY。
20.	Clasen, J.(2005)。Reforming European Welfare States: Germany and the United Kingdom Compared。Reforming European Welfare States: Germany and the United Kingdom Compared。New York, NY。
21.	Department of Social Security(1998)。A New Contract for Welfare: Principles into Practice。A New Contract for Welfare: Principles into Practice。London, UK。
22.	Emmerson, C.(2003)。Pension Reform in the United Kingdom: Increasing the Role of Private Provision?。Pension Security in the 21st Century: Redrawing the Public-private Debate。New York, NY。
23.	Hall, P. A.(2002)。The Comparative Political Economy of the "Third Way"。The Third Way Transformation of Social Democracy: Normative Claims and Policy Initiatives in the 21st Century。Hampshire, UK。
24.	Hennock, E. P.(2007)。The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850-1914: Social Policy Compared。The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850-1914: Social Policy Compared。New York, NY。
25.	Hill, M.(1990)。Social Security Policy in Britain。Cheltenham, UK：Edward Elgar。
26.	Hill, M.(2007)。Pensions。Bristol：Policy Press。
27.	Hinrichs, K.(2005)。New Century - New Paradigm: Pension Reform in Germany。Ageing and Pension Reform Around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries。Cheltenham, UK。
28.	Immergut, A.(2006)。Historical-institutionalism in Political Science and the Problem of Change。Understanding Change: Models, Methodologies, and Metaphors。Hampshire。
29.	(2006)。The Handbook of Western European Pension Politics。The Handbook of Western European Pension Politics。New York, NY。
30.	Jochem, S.(2007)。Pension Reform: Beyond Path Dependency?。Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis。Cheltenham, UK。
31.	Kohli, M.、Von Kondratowitz, H.-J.(1987)。Retirement in Germany: Towards the Contruction of the "Citizen of Work Society"。Retirement in Industrialized Societies: Social Psychological and Health Factors。New York, NY。
32.	Lynes, T.(1997)。The British Case。Enterprise and the Welfare State。Cheltenham, UK。
33.	Manow, P.、Seils, E.(2000)。The Employment Crisis of the German Welfare State。Recasting European Welfare State。London, UK。
34.	Nullmeier, F.(2003)。Alterssicherungspolitik im Zeichen der "Riester-Rente"。Sozial-und Wirtschaftspolitik unter Rot-Grün。Wiesbaden, German。
35.	Nullmeier, F.、Rüb, R.(1993)。Die Transformation der Sozialpolitik。Die Transformation der Sozialpolitik。Frankfurt am Main, German。
36.	Pemberton, H.(2006)。Politics and Pensions in Post-war Britain。Britain's Pensions Crisis: History and Policy。New York, NY。
37.	Pension Commission(2004)。Pensions Challenges and Choices: The First Report of the Pensions Commission。Pensions Challenges and Choices: The First Report of the Pensions Commission。Norwich, UK。
38.	Rürup, B.(2002)。The German Pension System: Status Quo and Reform Options。Social Security Pension Reform in Europe。Chicago, IL。
39.	Schulze, I.、Moran, M.(2006)。United Kingdom: Pension Politics in an Adversarial System。The Handbook of Western European Pension Politics。New York, NY。
40.	Taylor-Gooby, P.(2005)。UK Pension Reform: A Test Case for a Liberal Welfare State。Ageing and Pension Reform Around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries。Cheltenham, UK。
41.	Whiteside, N.(2003)。Historical Perspectives and the Politics of Pension Reform。Pension Security in the 21st Century: Redrawing the Public-private Debate。New York, NY。

其他
1.	薛承泰(2004)。老人照顧老人將是臺灣現象，http://ntu.edu.tw/~psc_news9312/120701.htm， 20041207。延伸查詢

圖書論文
1.	Blake, D.(2004)。Contracting Out of the State Pension System: the British Experience of Carrots and Sticks。Rethinking the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Pension Reform。Cheltenham, UK：Edward Elgar。
2.	Myles, John、Pierson, Paul(2001)。The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform。The New Politics of the Welfare State。Oxford：Oxford University Press。
3.	Esping-Andersen, Gøsta(1996)。After the Golden Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy。Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies。Sage Publications。
4.	Hacker, J. S.(2005)。Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment。Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies。New York：Oxford University Press。
5.	Rein, M.、Turner, J.(2004)。How Societies Mix Public and Private Spheres in Their Pension Systems?。Rethinking the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Pension Reform。Cheltenham：Northampton, MA：Edward Elgar。
6.	Thelen, Kathleen Ann(2003)。How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative Historical Analysis。Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Science。Cambridge University Press。
7.	Thelen, Kathleen、Steinmo, Sven(1992)。Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics。Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis。Cambridge University Press。
8.	Heine, W.(1990)。Die Rentenreform 1992。Handbuch der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung。
9.	Schmähl, Winfried(2004)。Paradigm Shift in German Pension Policy: Measures Aiming at a New Public-Private Mix and their Effects。Rethinking the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Pension Reform。Cheltenham：Edward Elgar。
10.	Trampusch, C.(2005)。Institutional Resettlement: The Case of Early Retirement in Germany。Beyond Continuity: Instituional Change in Advanced Political Economies。Oxford University Press。

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