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題名:四國海軍因應長江上游航行安全問題採取的聯合行動(1920-25)
書刊名:東吳歷史學報
作者:應俊豪 引用關係
作者(外文):Ying, Chun-hao
出版日期:2009
卷期:22
頁次:頁169-224
主題關鍵詞:長江上游航行安全問題上海四國海軍會議砲艦外交排外運動布爾什維克宣傳華盛頓會議Shipping security problems on upper YangtzeConference of 4 power' naval commanders in ShanghaiGunboat diplomacyAnit-foreign movementBolshevik propagandaWashington conference system
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(4) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:14
  • 點閱點閱:33
1920年代上半期長江上游地區航行安全問題日益嚴重,處於華盛頓會議體制下的英、美、法、日等四國列強,擬採取聯合軍事行動來確保外人航運安全。此類軍事行動外表看似強勢,但受限於現實環境,如軍艦老舊數量不足、內部歧見,以及軍事行動的欠缺協調不一致等,在在均使得列強口頭上宣稱的行動,遠遠超過實際情形。除了外交聯合警告外,強勢的軍事作爲、聯合海軍示威行動是否真能有效壓制長江上游地區土匪與軍隊的持續攻擊輪船,達成護航或保護僑民的重責大任,猶有很大的疑問。加上1920年代上半期湖北、四川戰爭不斷,內政秩序瓦解,遍地兵匪,直接挑戰與考驗著四國駐華海軍的實力與威信。尤有甚者,強化的聯合軍事行動,就某種角度來說,難免有侵犯中國主權之嫌。外國軍艦高調地巡邏於中國內陸水域,甚至派遣水兵登上輪船或陸地執行保護任務,極易觸碰到中國民族主義思惟的敏感神經,認爲有損國格,引爲奇恥大辱。而軍艦與商船士兵的任意反擊行動,有時傷及無辜,反倒引起當地居民極大的民怨。如果再加上有心人士的刻意宣傳與渲染,挑起民族仇外情緒,也可能引爆新一波抵制或排外行動。換言之,軍事壓制行動尚未奏效之際,新的仇恨民怨又被燃起。華盛頓會議體制在長江上游地區的有效性也備受質疑。
Shipping security problem on upper Yangtze is getting worse in the first half of 1920s. Under the Washington Conference System, Britain, United States, France and Japan try to take a joint military action to protect foreign interest. This kind of action seems to be strong but does not work effectively due to the circumstances, such as old and scarce gunboats, internal quarrels, and the discord of military cooperation. It is doubted whether the highhanded joint naval demonstration of foreign powers can really stop Chinese soldiers and bandits from firing on foreign steamers. Besides, civil wars in Szechuan and Hupei also challenge foreign navies' ability and prestige. Furthermore, the enhanced naval interference may violate Chinese sovereignty for some parts. Especially foreign gunboats' patrolling on internal waters in a high profile, deploying blue-jacks on merchant vessels, or sending marines on land to carry out protecting mission will definitely trigger Chinese nationalism's indignation. Sometimes gunboats or blue-jacks on vessels may over react to the firing from ashore and incur innocent civilian casualties, that will result in local residents' wrath. If this kind of rage is agitated intentionally, hatred of foreigners will increase and spread out, and a new wave of anti-foreign sentiment and boycott follows. In other word, the joint exhibition of foreign naval force may foment new national resentment instead of solving shipping security problems. Thus, the validity of Washington Conference System is also doubted.
期刊論文
1.應俊豪(20090600)。長江上游航行安全問題與美國駐華海軍的因應之道(1920-1925)。國史館館刊,20,123-125+127-171。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.應俊豪(20071100)。航運、砲艦與外交--1924 年中、英「萬縣案」研究。國立政治大學歷史學報,28,287-327。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.林能士、楊維真(19980500)。抗戰前國民政府與地方實力派之關係--以川滇黔為中心的探討(1928-1937)。國立政治大學歷史學報,15,199-237。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.應俊豪(20081100)。談判桌上的海權劃分:五國海軍會議 (1921-22) 與戰間期的海權思維。國立政治大學歷史學報,30,119-168。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.(1923)。Admiral W. W. Phelps。The China Press。  new window
6.(1923)。時事話:護路案與長江警備會議。少年,13(12),97。  延伸查詢new window
7.(1922)。商情:重慶,兵匪勢力下之四川商業談。上海總商會月報,2(8),17-19。  延伸查詢new window
8.為人(1924)。洋商船全副武裝航行內河。嚮導週報,52,392。  延伸查詢new window
9.陳獨秀(1924)。美國駐華海軍。嚮導週報,61,491。  延伸查詢new window
10.金問泗(1930)。英艦非法砲擊萬縣案經過情形之回顧。東方雜誌,27(15),35-36。  延伸查詢new window
11.南雁(1923)。匪亂又將引起外艦警備長江了。東方雜誌,20(20),3-4。  延伸查詢new window
12.尼鐸(1923)。長江聯合艦隊與海軍示威。中國青年,1(1),8-9。  延伸查詢new window
13.王立新(2001)。華盛頓體系與中國國民革命:二十年代中美關係新探。歷史研究,2,56-68。  延伸查詢new window
14.(1924)。The 'Strong' Yangtsze Policy Bring Peace。The China Weekley Review。  new window
15.(1924)。The Wanhsien Outrage。The China Press。  new window
16.(1923)。時事采集,國內之部:與護路案同時,又盛傳一長江警備案。來复,270,8。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.應俊豪(2005)。丘八爺與洋大人─國門內的北洋外交,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.Cole, Bernard D.(1978)。The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928(博士論文)。Auburn University,Auburn。  new window
圖書
1.Braisted, William(2009)。Diplomats in Blue: U. S. Naval Officers in China, 1922-1933。Gainesville。  new window
2.入江昭(1992)。Across the Pacific: An inner history and American- East Asian relation。Across the Pacific: An inner history and American- East Asian relation。Chicago。  new window
3.Nobel, Dennis L.、Howell, Glenn F.(2002)。Gunboats on the Yangtze: The Diary of Captain Glenn F. Howell of the USS Palos, 1920-1921。Jefferson:McFarland & Company, Inc.。  new window
4.Smith, C. A.(1920)。The British in China and Far Eastern Trade。London。  new window
5.Hearnshaw, F. J. C.(1937)。Sea-Power and Empire。London。  new window
6.郭近以(1989)。近代中國史綱。香港:中文大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.中國南京第二歷史檔案館、中國海關總署辦公廳、中國舊海關史料編輯委員會(2001)。中國舊海關史料(1859-1948)。北京市:京華出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.應俊豪(2008)。輪船入侵與華洋衝突:1920年代上半期長江上游航行安全問題。東亞海域與文明交會:港市、商貿、移民與文化傳播。基隆。  延伸查詢new window
9.Robert, Gardiner(1985)。Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906-1921。Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906-1921。Annapolis, Maryland。  new window
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其他
1.外務省記錄。  延伸查詢new window
2.北京政府《外交檔案》。  延伸查詢new window
3.(1923)。Drastic American Naval Policy on the Upper Yangtze: Admiral Phelps Will Afford Ships the Protection That China Will not Give。  new window
4.(1923)。The Situation on the Upper Yangtze River: An Interview with the Retiring Commander of the U.S. Yangtze Patrol。  new window
5.(1923)。外人將在長江組織自衛艦隊。  延伸查詢new window
6.(1923)。外交團本日召集會議:英國又進行護路案、日美主張警備長江。  延伸查詢new window
7.(1924)。美鑑隊陸續來滬,上海。  延伸查詢new window
8.(1960)。Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929,Washington, D. C.。  new window
9.(1987)。Correspondence of the the Military Intelligence Division Relating to General, Political, Economic, and Military Conditions in China, 1918-1941,Washington, D. C.。  new window
10.Foreign Office。Foreign Office, Central Correspondence, Political, China, 1905-1940,London。  new window
11.China, Embassy and Consular Archives, Correspondence, 1834-1930,London。  new window
12.Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty。Secret Admiralty Weekly Intelligence Summary (W. I. S.)。  new window
13.Trotter, Ann(1994)。British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print ( Part II )(Vol. 29),Bethesda。  new window
14.(1923)。Admiral Phelps on the Yangtze Disorder: Interview with Journalist,上海。  new window
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16.(1923)。Anarchy on the Yangtsze。  new window
17.(1924)。China: Chaotic Political Conditions,London。  new window
18.(1922)。The Junks Sunk in the Gorges。  new window
圖書論文
1.黑澤文貴(1989)。日本陸軍の對米認識。日中戰爭から日英米戰爭へ。東京:日本國際政治學會。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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