In order to organize the military, each society tries various ways of mobilizing people to serve in the military. This article is confined to western nations since the late 18th century to the present. It was in the late 18th century that aristocratic forms of military mobilization were first challenged by the appearance of a mass armed force. It was again since the end of World War II and then after the end of the Cold War that mass armed forces were gradually replaced by an all-volunteer professional force. This article first presents three major modes of military mobilization, followed by introducing theoretical interpretations of two major transformations. In the conclusion, several possible shared variables are proposed for future research.