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題名：尼采的教育藝術
作者：李克寰 引用關係
作者(外文)：Keh-Hwan Li
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：教育研究所
指導教授：蔡錚雲
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2003
主題關鍵詞：尼采；教育；藝術；現代性；後現代；Nietzsche；Education；Art；Modernity；Postmodern
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教育活動的藝術屬性深深由尼采哲學所重新揭示，在此之前，體現該觀點的是古希臘人，於其生活中，感性與理性、個體與群體以及人與大自然係彼此協調，美乃遍佈各項舉措；到了文藝復興，注重身心和諧及全人發展之人文主義再度開顯教育與藝術的親緣關係，同時影響許多教育家立論。秉承古希臘和文藝復興精神，尼采認為徒恃理性、講求規制化的啟蒙教育實為該藝術之淪喪，因這種教育雖滿足充分控約事物的需要，也造成人性失衡與分裂。有鑑於此，根植情感並著重突破法則之藝術性教育頓成其鮮明立場。第二章（教育的誕生）一開始即陳述尼采對現代教育的不滿處，例如高抬知識卻戕害本能，使人產生理性╱感性分裂等等；歸結出尼采『將現代人從現代性的詛咒中釋放出來』，以期恢復人的力與美主張後，接著介紹他從希臘文化發現之兩股動力──代表大自然創生本能的酒神及代表節制、均衡之德的日神；追求有力本能的美之表達，或者說酒神與日神共同形成的意志，便是教育參贊大自然造化之功的藝術性格顯露。而人和文化所擁有之品味、風格，乃美在教育上的具體展現。由於良好教師為施展教育藝術之首要條件，第三章（作為文化建樹者的教育家）遂探討教師角色，於尼采眼裡，教師既是人的形塑者，亦為文化的引領者，人需要偉大教師──教育家，才能展現力與美、達成文化使命。教育家之鮮明標誌，莫過飽含動能的藝術靈魂，他有雙轉化事物的纖巧細手，是自身力量豐盈的創造者和施與者；生命和存在於其藝術地思考下成為美的圖畫，並替人類未來揭示遠景；他更深明愛的藝術，從提高人類素質中使世間獲得救贖。教育家還擅長經營師生關係，將其提昇為指揮藝術、溝通藝術和贈與藝術。但從事藝術創造，瞭解材質誠屬重要，故第四章（人性、極其的人性）論述教育活動據以奠基的人性，有關人性為何的問題，『理性主體』可謂啟蒙運動之最佳宣言，此般人性看待方式除用思維界定自我、強調穩定的自我同一性外，壓抑欲望情感又為其特徵。尼采則返回自然，改賦熱情、欲望予生命原動力的首要位階，聲言人性是各種欲力充斥流動的生命形態，教育須適切引導諸多本能，凝聚成強大的『求力意志』，這股意志也是追求創造的力量，寓存身體，人之身體遂極富藝術性，不斷創新文化價值；出自身體，人的藝術性，尚由『精神三變』所鋪陳。審視人性後，第五章（超人如是說）處理欲對其改造之教育目的，人會變成何種模樣涉及多項複雜因素，有些似乎可做抉擇，有些似乎無法抗拒，設立目標凸顯人不甘受命運擺佈，希冀無盡可能地自我創造。『超人』理想的提出，誠屬尼采此番作為；尤有甚者，他更依力的強弱多寡區分人之類型，與超人美好型態構成強烈對照的為『末流之人』，『酒神人格』與『基督教人格』係另一劃分方式。是否願意迎接橫逆、承擔痛苦，乃測度力量強弱之試金石。至於自我和他人的交往，尼采仍考量力之升降藝術性地措置。擁有理想尚不充分，須提供達成之實質條件，所以第六章（文教的價值內涵）討論蘊含價值的教育內容，尼采認為，能促進力之增長、給生命帶來蓬勃朝氣即價值和美之所在，倘若踐踏人性，文教內涵便頓失意義。各項教育□，培養健全情感是他的首要訴求，倡導力量豐盈且賦予事物光輝形式之狂醉情態。談到知識，主張語文、歷史、哲學的傳授不可離開生活經驗，如此方可得享真正悅樂。關於倫理教育，他疾呼釋放非善非惡又可善可惡的自然本能，進而發展個性和自我立法。針對充滿痛苦的人生，尼采從希臘悲劇汲取智慧，以『永恆復歸』之壯闊情態超克悲苦。除了實質內涵，履行方法亦不可或缺，第七章（創造價值的文教策略）乃探究有助價值創造的策略，相較側重思辯之辯證法，尼采運用的教育策略格外具藝術氣息，包括學習如何看、聽、感受周遭環境，體會事物多面性，形成裨益生命的『視角』。妥為承襲、增生、調節能量，並減少消耗，使身體有限能量在紀律整飭下發揮最大效益。追溯價值概念的產生、流傳和演變，從揭露該過程介入之意義轉變力量替未來繪製新顏。採取距離，用懷疑、批判的態度瓦解價值立說基礎，求能獲得解放，敲響文化先聲。視提昇生命與否，更改既定價值間之排列順序，或者自為立法，創建嶄新價值。第八章（教育機制的未來）申論結合教師、學生、目的、內涵、策略各項目之教育制度，學校為文化之播種處，欲結成文化碩果，應謹慎篩選學生、施加必要規範，好孕育文化菁英；教師和學生間存在著『精神階級』，彼此講求主從次序。紀律嚴明、井然有序的學校，才是尼采心儀之美的機制。不僅如此，社會的和諧運作有賴按人格、智慧、才能劃分的『等級秩序』，高低等級間的『命令─服從』關係與各本能配合凝聚之『藝術身體』原則一貫。但本能更常相互競逐，透過人我競逐兼顧個人提昇及群體利益，便為促進文化之良美政體。
這個研究試圖藉尼采思想闡釋超乎科學駕馭範圍、介於可言說與不可言說的教育本質──藝術，其有別於審美教育或特就教育中之美學要素所做的論述，因後兩者僅將藝術當成教育之一部分來看待。
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