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題名:從構式語法看漢語結果複合動詞
作者:黃漢君 引用關係
作者(外文):Han-Chun Huang
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
指導教授:連金發
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:構式語法結果複合動詞論元結構語法功能致使關係
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典型的漢語結果複合動詞 (resultative verb compound) 是由兩個動詞Vc與Vr結合而成的,用來表示一個致使事件以及一個結果事件。本論文討論漢語結果複合動詞,特別強調動詞論元結構與語法功能之間的複雜關係。
我們根據及物性、語意歸屬 (semantic host)、以及句法主語是否為Vc邏輯主語等標準,將結果複合動詞構式分成四種類型。這四種類型形成維根斯坦 (Wittgenstein 1953) 所提出的家族類似性 (family resemblance):類型之間互有相同的性質,但所有類型合起來看很難找到共通性。
類型I包含了一般的賓語傾向 (object-oriented) 結果複合動詞構式。類型II包含了一般的主語傾向 (subject-oriented) 結果複合動詞構式。類型III包含了逆序致使 (inverted causative) 結果複合動詞構式,其主語總是具有起因者 (Causer) 的語意角色。類型IV包含了準被動 (pseudo-passive) 結果複合動詞構式,可視為類型I的不及物型。
在類型I與類型III中,致使關係直接反映在語法功能上:主語 (不一定為Vc的外部論元) 為起因者 (Causer),賓語 (不一定為Vc的內部論元) 為受因者 (Causee)。相反地,在類型II與類型IV中,主語皆為受因者 (但在類型II中,Vc的邏輯賓語可選擇性出現在句法賓語位置)。
我們採用構式語法 (Construction Grammar) 的理論,認為漢語結果複合動詞的論元是由結果複合動詞構式 [NP1 Vc-Vr (NP2)] 來得到認可 (license),而非Vc或Vr當中之一,也非Vc與Vr合起來決定。
我們比較結果複合動詞與分析性致使詞 (analytic causative) 像是「讓」、「使」等,發現後者可以表達直接或間接致使 (causation),但前者僅限於表達直接致使。
我們也討論漢語複合動詞的一些次構式 (sub-construction),這些次構式無法化約為前述的一般結果複合動詞構式,而必須另外設定。這也支持了構式語法的觀點:構式與構式之間形成繼承關係。
為了忠實反映語言事實,在適當時機我們會採納Chinese Gigaword語料庫的語料。多樣的語料也能印證理論的適切性。
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