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題名:客語輕動詞邊緣地貌圖
作者:鍾叡逸 引用關係
作者(外文):Chung, Jui-Yi Zoey
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
指導教授:蔡維天
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:製圖理論比較語法輕動詞邊緣語義語法對應客語語法Cartographic ApproachComparative GrammarvP PeripherySyntax-Semantics CorrespondenceHakka Grammar
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本文利用製圖理論(Cartographic Approach, Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999)探索客語的輕動詞邊緣(vP-periphery),從三類句法結構著手─處置-蒙受「將」字句( the disposal-affective jiong construction)、蒙受「同」字句( the affective tung construction)、動後模態「得」字句( the postverbal modal tet construction),最終提出一幅地貌圖(topography),掌握其句法特性以及相應的語義詮釋。同時進行跨語言比較,藉此突顯個別語言的特色,點明語言之間的通則和個性。
處置式向來是語法學界關心的題目,客語可以透過lau、tung (同)、jiong(將)、ba (把)等建構處置句式,尤其南四縣客語「將」字句不僅有典型的處置用法,還可以引介邊緣論元( peripheral argument )表達蒙受語義,和國語「把」字句構成鮮明對比。國語「把」所標誌的多半是論元結構中既定的成份 (Huang, Li, Li 2009),句子主要傳達「處置」意義。客語這類兼備處置以及蒙受語義「將」字句分別代表兩類結構,作處置用法的輕動詞組 (vP, Huang 1997; Lin 2001),以及作蒙受用法的施用詞組(ApplP, Pylkkänen 2002; McGinnis 2005)。所謂「蒙受結構」意指多出個非典論元(extra argument),產生論元增容(Argument augmentation)的特殊句式。此一非典論元為受事件影響的蒙受者(Affectee),需要經過特定的方式來引介,例如國語特殊的「給」字句( Tsai 2007 ),客語部分「將」字句,以及更典型的「同」字句( the affective tung construction)。本文利用蒙受結構來觀察客語的論元安排( argument arrangement),進而探討客語是如何引介非典論元,提出上述的施用結構,還多了介詞組的形式,使得客語的相關現象更加豐富多元。第三類考察的結構則是客語特殊的動後模態結構,以釐清動後模態詞的模態性(modality)和其句法結構,繪製客語模態地貌圖(topography of Hakka modality)。客語動後模態詞「得」對比一般動前模態詞,可以出現在動詞後,產生結構層系(syntactic hierarchy)和線性語序(word order)的衝突。這項特點起自於「得」的構詞需求,「得」需要動詞上移輔助其表達模態性,造成特殊動後語序;其次,「得」字模態句的語義語法對應(Syntax-Semantics corresponding),展現「模態性光譜」(modality spectrum,蔡維天2010),兼表能願模態(dynamic modality)、義務模態(deontic modality)。最後本文會就共時、歷時兩時間軸,檢驗上述輕動詞邊緣成份之間的互動,建立起輕動詞邊緣整體佈局。
總體而言,本文利用製圖理論,探討處置「將」字句、蒙受「同」字句以及動後「得」字模態句,鋪排客語輕動詞邊緣地貌圖,以期更清晰地掌握輕動詞邊緣,進而能通透地瞭解這塊對於國語和方言仍是個灰色地帶的區域。
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