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題名:幼小銜接之研究─教學文化的觀點
作者:彭詩文
作者(外文):Peng, Shihwen
校院名稱:國立臺北教育大學
系所名稱:課程與教學研究所
指導教授:周淑卿
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:幼小銜接教學文化學校化transitionteaching cultureschooling
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究目的在了解幼小教學文化之差異。教學文化是師生間共享關於課堂教與學之信念價值、行事習性,以及其所共同遵行的教與學之行為規範。在台灣,幼稚園與小一分屬兩個階段,幼稚園屬於學前教育階段,小一屬於國民教育階段,學生從幼稚園到小一,不僅要適應新的課堂教學生活行事方式,更要適應新的教與學之行為規範。可以說,他們進入一個新的教學文化世界。故要了解學生在幼小銜接過程中所面臨的問題,就必須了解學生對這兩階段教學文化的想法。
由於台灣幼稚園教學模式的多元性,研究者邀請了同一學區三種不同教學型態的幼稚園、六位幼兒參與研究。這三種不同的教學模式分別是:生活經驗取向、學科知識取向與中間調和取向園所。每個園所都有兩位學生參與研究,且兩位、兩位不同教學模式園所畢業的幼兒在小一同班。研究者以觀察、訪談與繪畫等方式自2009年至2011年蒐集學生自幼稚園到小一的銜接資料。
本研究發現,幼小教學文化差異表現在兩方面上:一是課堂學習內容與學習方式的觀點,二是課堂學習規範的想法。在學校知識概念的轉變上,「生活經驗取向」園所畢業學生過去認為「生活經驗」就是學習,到了小一認為「學科知識」才是學習,且學習方式要從「敘事、繪畫」轉變為「書寫、唸讀」。對「學科知識取向」畢業學生而言,「學科知識」和「書寫符號」是他們幼稚園階段即熟悉的學習內容與學習方式,進入小一,他們並不會排斥學科知識或書寫符號的學習。
在學習規範與行事習性的轉變上,由於小一教師對「正確學校知識」的堅持,對六位學生來說,從幼稚園到小一,教與學之行事習性與規範越趨標準化,包括標準化的教學順序與頻繁地訂正與評量,以及學習責任、教學秩序等學習規範越清楚。小一課堂會用頻繁的訂正、評量,以及標準化「教學順序」的建立來要求學生習得「正確學校知識」;且為了在小一課堂學習學校知識,小一生要擔負起更多學習責任與維持課堂教學秩序。而在小一適當行事習性與學習規範建立的過程中,師生關係也從幼稚園的近似「親子關係」轉成正式「師生關係」,在學生眼中,小一老師比較「嚴格」,而幼稚園老師比較「好」!
對學生來說,其實要學習小一的「學校知識」,或是行事習性表現要合乎小一教師所要求的行為規範,並不困難;學生多在注音符號教學的十週內就可以適應;但在心態上,學生則是在整個一年級上學期過程中,都處於「適應中」狀態。
總之,幼小教學文化差異表現在小一正式化學校知識概念的建立,以及越趨標準化教與學之行事習性與學習規範的出現,而此教學文化差異才是學生幼小銜接適應困難的關鍵所在。
The study aimed to realize the different teaching culture between preschool and grade 1 class. Teaching culture is the shared values of teaching and learning between teachers and students, and the followed folkways and regulations of teaching and learning between teachers and students. In Taiwan, preschool and grade 1 belong to two different school systems - preschool is vested in preschool education and grade 1 in elementary education. As students move from preschool to grade 1, not only do they need to adapt a new folkways of living and learning in class, but also need to adjust a new norms of teaching and learning. In the other words, they enter a new world with another teaching culture. To understand students’ transition problem, it is necessary to explore students’ viewpoints of teaching culture in these two systems.
Due to the varieties of teaching mode in Taiwan’s preschools, researcher invited three preschools with different teaching modes in the same elementary school district and six students to participate in this research. These three teaching modes were “living experience”, “academic knowledge” and “medium” oriented mode. Two students from different teaching mode preschool studied in the same class in grade 1. Data was collected by classroom observation, interview, and student painting from 2009 to 2011, when the participants studied in preschool and was moving to grade 1.
The different teaching culture displayed in students’ concepts in school knowledge and the norms of learning between these two levels. Students changed their conceptions about what to learn and how to learn as moving to grade 1. For living experience oriented students, as they were moving to grade 1, school knowledge was changed from life experience to disciplinary knowledge. Learning was not story-telling, painting and activity but symbol writing and reading in 1st grade. On the other hand, the students from academic knowledge oriented preschool were familiar with the school knowledge with academic structure and written symbols. Thus, they were used to the disciplinary knowledge and writing symbols in grade 1.
However, as moving to grade 1, folkways of teaching and learning and learning norms were becoming more and more standardized for all six students as 1st grade teacher stuck to the “accurate school knowledge”. Which was displayed in the frequencies in homework and tests, the teaching sequences, the clearance in students’ learning responsibilities and the classroom orders. 1st grade teachers value “accurate school knowledge” by means of correcting students’ homework, using tests and valuing “teaching sequences” frequently. And to study in 1st grade class, students had more learning responsibilities and had to be quiet in class all the time. During the process of constructing 1st grade learning norms, “teacher-students” relationship was changed form “parents-children”alike to formal “teacher-students” relationship in grade 1. 1st grade teachers were viewed “stricter” and preschool teachers were viewed “better” from students’ eyes.
For these students, they had the abilities to learn 1st grade “school knowledge” or their learning behaviors could accord with 1st grade teachers’ learning norms. But they disliked the folkways of teaching and learning in grade 1. They were still in “adapting ” status in the end of first term.
In a word, different teaching culture between preschool and 1st grade lie in the formalization of the concept of school knowledge, and the standardization of the folkways of teaching and learning and the followed norms, which are the main transition problems as students moving to 1st grade.
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