一、中文文獻
1.丁崇德、 陳怡君 (2008) 。應用存活分析法探討國內航線之營運。 商管科技季刊，9(3)，301-314。
2.吳健生、蕭羽媛、蘇殷甲 (2011)。應用存活分析法於機車紅燈怠速熄火行為之研究。運輸計劃季刊，40(2)，161-183。3.邱艷芬 (1994)。應用APACHE SCORE於加護病房護理行政業務之探討。慈濟醫學，7(3)，187-193。
4.何華欽 (2011)。社工系畢業生職業動態: 以屏東科技大學社工系為例。人文社會科學研究，5(2)，56-76。5.林建甫 (2008)。存活分析。臺北市：雙葉。
6.林麗華 (2002)。加護病房分級評鑑之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立陽明大學，台北市。
7.林世崇、丁予安、曾春典、江志桓、江啟輝、唐高駿、 . . . 尹彙文 (2001)。 臺灣加護病房住出院標準草案之共識。中華民國重症醫學雜誌，3(3)，202-209。
8.林純全、謝文斌 (1999)。重症醫療常用疾病嚴重度分數系統簡介。胸腔醫學，(14)，44-58。
9.唐高駿、薛貴霞、蔡建和、陳秀丹 (2005)。加護病房成本效益。中華民國急救加護醫學會雜誌，16(4)，139-145。
10.張錦文 (2005)。醫院總額支付與未來的因應措施。福爾摩莎醫務管理雜誌，1(1)，1-7。
11.梁志光、盧玉強、林育德、林清煌、周明岳、林妙璦 (2008)。高齡化社會老年病人之醫療照護。榮總護理，25(1)，6-11。12.梁偉成、紀煥庭、胡名霞、林茂榮 (2005)。社區老人跌倒機轉與傷害嚴重度。台灣復健雜誌，30(3)，105-115。
13.莊逸洲、黃崇哲 (2005)。醫院功能與管理: 門診、急診、住院。台北市：華杏。
14.陶阿倫、薛亞聖 (2003)。非劃性重返病人特質及其資源耗用研究-以加護病房為例。台北市：合記圖書。
15.游顯妹、蔡曉鈴、張淑華、廖憲華 (2010)。中部某大學附設醫院內科加護病房非計劃性重返加護單位相關因素探討。中山醫學雜誌，21(2)，161-177。
16.黃靜茹 (2011)。 急診病患不預期轉入加護病房之個案分析(未出版碩士論文)。東海大學：台中市。
17.廖浩欽、胡百敏、樊美知、廖訓禎、葉美枝、金霍歌(2007)。某區域醫院加護病房病人非計劃性重返現况評估。中華民國急救加護醫學會雜誌， 18(2)，52-60。
18.劉嘉年、楊銘欽、楊志良 (2001)。台灣成年民眾於死亡前三個月健保醫療費用支出之影響因素分析。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，20(6)，451-462。19.蔡坤志、林秉熙、林志桓 (1998)。APACHE重症預後評估系統簡介。臨床醫學，41(5)，349-354。
20.蔡宏哲 (2013)。急診病患住院後非計畫性轉入加護病房的風險預測模式之建構與實證分析 (未出版博士論文) 。東海大學：台中市。
21.鍾月枝、鄭高珍 (2010)。加護病房中長期醫療資源使用和死亡率分析。醫務管理期刊，11(1)，33-44。22.顏淑婷、王志榮、應純哲、黃詩芳、沈延盛 (2013)。台灣老年人口在不同外傷嚴重度之醫療資源耗用分析-以南部某醫學中心為例。寶建醫護與管理雜誌，11，1-9。
23.蘇理盈、尹彙文 (2012)。加護病房設計規畫的未來趨勢。重症醫學雜誌， 13(1)，30-37。
二、英文文獻
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6.Checkley, W. (2012). Mortality and denial of admission to an intensive care unit. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 185(10), 1038-1040.
7.Chen, Y., Lin, M., Lin, Y., Chang, H., Huang, C., & Tsai, Y. (2007). ICU discharge APACHE II scores help to predict post-ICU death. Chang Gung Medical Journal, 30(2), 142-150.
8.Cheng, K. C., Lu, C. L., Chung, Y. C., Huang, M. C., Shen, H. N., Chen, H. M., & Zhang, H. (2014). ICU service in Taiwan. Journal of Intensive Care, 2(1), 8.
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10.Dawson, S., & Runk, J. A. (2000). Right patient? Right bed? A question of appropriateness. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 11(3), 375-385.
11.Delgado, M., Liu, V., Pines, J. M., Kipnis, P., Gardner, M. N., & Escobar, G. J. (2013). Risk factors for unplanned transfer to intensive care within 24 hours of admission from the emergency department in an integrated healthcare system. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 8(1), 13-19.
12.Demetriades, D., Kuncir, E., Murray, J., Velmahos, G. C., Rhee, P., & Chan, L. (2004). Mortality prediction of head abbreviated injury score and Glasgow Coma Scale: Analysis of 7,764 head injuries. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(2), 216-222.
13.Frost, S. A., Alexandrou, E., Bogdanovski, T., Salamonson, Y., Parr, M. J., & Hillman, K. M. (2009). Unplanned admission to intensive care after emergency hospitalisation: Risk factors and development of a nomogram for individualising risk. Resuscitation, 80(2), 224-230.
14.Frost, S. A., Davidson, P. M., Alexandrou, E., Hunt, L., Salamonson, Y., Tam, V., . . . Hillman, K. M. (2010). Unplanned admission to the intensive care unit in the very elderly and risk of in-hospital mortality. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 12(3), 171-176.
15.Fuchs, L., Chronaki, C. E., Park, S., Novack, V., Baumfeld, Y., Scott, D., . . . Celi, L. (2012). ICU admission characteristics and mortality rates among elderly and very elderly patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 38(10), 1654-1661.
16.Haller, G., Myles, P. S., Wolfe, R., Weeks, A. M., Stoelwinder, J., & McNeil, J. (2005). Validity of unplanned admission to an intensive care unit as a measure of patient safety in surgical patients. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 103(6), 1121-1129.
17.Halpern, N. A., & Pastores, S. M. (2010). Critical care medicine in the United States 2000–2005: An analysis of bed numbers, occupancy rates, payer mix, and costs. Critical Care Medicine, 38(1), 65-71.
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20.Huynh, T. N., Kleerup, E. C., Wiley, J. F., Savitsky, T. D., Guse, D., Garber, B. J., & Wenger, N. S. (2013). The frequency and cost of treatment perceived to be futile in critical care. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(20), 1887-1894.
21.Ihra, G. C., Lehberger, J., Hochrieser, H., Bauer, P., Schmutz, R., Metnitz, B., & Metnitz, P. G. H. (2012). Development of demographics and outcome of very old critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units. Intensive Care Medicine, 38(4), 620-626.
22.Knaus, W. A., Draper, E. A., Wagner, D. P., & Zimmerman, J. E. (1985). APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Critical Care Medicine, 13(10), 818-829.
23.Knaus, W. A., Zimmerman, J. E., Wagner, D. P., Draper, E. A., & Lawrence, D. E. (1981). APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Critical Care Medicine, 9(8), 591-597.
24.Lefrant, J. Y., Garrigues, B., Pribil, C., Bardoulat, I., Courtial, F., Maurel, F., . . . Group, C. S. (2015). The daily cost of ICU patients: a micro-costing study in 23 French intensive care units. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, 34(3), 151-157.
25.Parkhe, M., Myles, P. S., Leach, D. S., & Maclean, A. V. (2002). Outcome of emergency department patients with delayed admission to an intensive care unit. Emergency Medicine, 14(1), 50-57.
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27.Rubulotta, F., Marshall, J. C., Ramsay, G., Nelson, D., Levy, M., & Williams,M. (2009). Predisposition, insult/infection, response, and organ dysfunction: A new model for staging severe sepsis. Critical Care Medicine, 37(4), 1329-1335.
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三、網路資料
1.內政部戶政司(2015)。 65歲以上人口。取自：
http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm
2.唐高駿、藍祚運 (2014)。臨終前無效醫療研究報告書。取自： file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Hsieh/My%20Documents/Downloads/medical+futile+report.%20(9).
3.衛福部統計處 (2014)。歷年醫療院所病床數。取自：
http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312
4.衛福部統計處 (2015)。歷年醫療院所服務統計量。取自：
http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312
5.衛生福利部 (2016)。醫療機構設置標準。取自：http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=L0020025
6.衛生福利部中央健康署(2015)。103年重大傷病領證數下降，全民健保對重大傷病患者的醫療照顧不減少。取自：
http://www.nhi.gov.tw/information/NewsDetail.aspx?menu=9&menu_id=544&No=1277