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題名:假釋期間再犯因子之研究
作者:林順昌
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:鄧煌發、許福生
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:假釋再犯社區矯正觀護危險評估量表
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究秉於探索假釋再犯真實面貌之精神,試圖確認假釋人過去某些經驗及其假釋期間之各種生活狀況是否與再犯存有顯著之關聯。研究者針對2009年至2011年間假釋出獄,殘刑7至36個月且在桃園地檢署執行保護管束,並於2014年12月31日前終結案件(期滿或撤銷)之假釋人取樣1,181名。經蒐集其刑案記錄、人口特性、犯罪特性及觀護資料,嗣後於2016年12月至2017年2月期間,運用「刑案資訊整合系統」進行最新刑事犯罪記錄的查詢,製成完整之刑事處遇記錄,再以SPSS程式進行變項檢定及統計分析。
本研究發現,多數樣本並無身心障礙或痼疾,智識狀態與一般人無明顯差異。全般樣本中,有27.9%的人在假釋期間再犯。從樣本的再犯時距觀察,最短期的再犯時距為1個月之內,最久為33個月(期滿後再犯不在此列)。樣本在假釋後半年內約有14.4%再犯者,1年內再犯者,約20.5%;1年半以內再犯者,約24.1%,2年內再犯者,達到25.8%。
本研究蒐集122種可能與再犯有關的變項,經統計分析之結果,發現對於再犯具有顯著影響的因子有31個,其中貢獻程度較強的有13個,包括:性別、手足人數、嚴重家庭問題數量、本案刑度、前科次數、曾經觀護次數、曾經撤銷次數、在家影響力、家庭互動關係、親密關係穩定性、不良生活習慣級別、就業狀態、收入級別。其中,又以曾經撤銷次數的貢獻度最大,研究顯示曾經撤銷緩起訴處分、易服社會勞動處分、緩刑、假釋或停止戒治付保護管束者,其再犯率明顯高於未曾受撤銷者,曾被撤銷上開觀護處分達3次以上者,其再犯率高達100%。
多數再犯者係成長於犯罪家庭的環境,故即便彼等自監獄回歸社會,其家庭仍舊處於缺乏正向功能的環境,故其家庭依附關係必須留意個體的觀感是明確或是模糊。對於家庭依附關係明確感受者,家庭依附程度較強,較不易趨於再犯,感受模糊者,家庭依附程度較弱,較易再犯。女性再犯者多數婚姻破裂或未婚。嚴重家庭問題達3種以上者,明顯較為容易再犯。親密關係不穩定者,較容易再犯。持續犯罪者的不良習慣,以吸食違禁藥品者的比例最高。越早有犯罪經驗者,前科次數越多,越容易再犯。就業狀態不穩定、收入偏低且入不敷出者,較易再犯。
本文針對上開發現,提出多項社區矯正機制以為對策,建議從人口特性、犯罪特性、生活型態評估假釋再犯的情形。另就政策面向,建議當局審慎考核毒癮犯、與藥物濫用相關之暴力犯及暴力財產犯的假釋申請案件,強化傳統的家庭觀念與家庭功能,深化觀護專業職能以提升再犯預防的效益。在法制面向,呼籲調整高度再犯危險者之假釋,以呼應三振法案;相對降低再犯率顯著較低者的假釋門檻,以擴大假釋適用範圍及效益。在操作面向,提醒觀護體系應將有限的人力資源限聚焦在再犯預防上面,針對家庭互動關係、親密關係穩定性、在家影響力、就業狀態、月均收入級別、收支平衡狀況、不良生活習慣級別、與損友來往程度、社會互動關係等9項動態因子善用輔導與監督機制,尤其在假釋人出獄的前6個月期間,特別強調這些因子的資訊,將可期有效促進假釋人與他人和諧共處,適應社會生活及人際互動壓力,進而安然期滿。末後,研究者以具備顯著性之變項為基礎,參酌邏輯斯迴歸分析中之B值,編製一個適於本土運用之成年假釋人再犯風險評估量表(Risk Assessment Scale for Adult Parolee's Recidivism: RASAPR),冀以實務善加運用。此外,建議觀護系統對於個案的表單填載方式改採欄位式的資料輸入方法,始能裨益於社區處遇資料庫之完善,進而構築科學化並能統計分析的觀護資訊系統。本文亦建議當局應加強媒合假釋人之就業,以促穩定安居;適時糾正其交往對象及擇友方式,俾以協助社區矯正工作之遂行。期許假釋制度愈益臻善,促進司法系統、廣眾社會及犯罪者個人趨近三贏之局面。
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