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題名：妥協與反抗之間：尤妮絲‧芮佛絲在「塔斯克基研究」中的作為與意義
書刊名：歐美研究
作者：黃文齡 引用關係
作者(外文)：Huang, Wen-ling
出版日期：2014
卷期：44:4
頁次：頁415-465
主題關鍵詞：尤妮絲‧芮佛絲；塔斯克基研究；美肯郡；Eunice Rivers；Tuskegee Syphilis study；Macon County
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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黑人女護士尤妮絲‧芮佛絲全程參與重大醫學醜聞「塔斯克基研究：以未受過梅毒治療的黑人男性為主」。史家對她居中扮演的角色多有爭議。本文以婦女研究的角度切入，探討芮佛絲透過改變角色、適應和面對來自種族、階級、性別的層層壓力，從摸索、熟悉、掌握等階段性變化，在南丁格爾誓詞規範的掩護下，運用自己在美肯郡長久工作經驗的優勢，行醫療照顧自力救濟之實。芮佛絲在一個複雜的研究中扮演了一個忠於自己的角色。芮佛絲在現實面妥協，謹守醫護專業倫理，卻在執行上透過引介，間接協助黑人病患獲得舒緩與照顧，不僅證明黑人女性個體也能為照顧種族貢獻心力，而她在塔斯克基研究中的表現，實則是反映了當時黑人社會面對種族議題的態度。
The story of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was broken in 1972 by Associated Press reporter Jean Heller, resulting in a public uproar. Eunice Rivers, a nurse, was the only person associated with the study to have worked on it consist-ently for its entire forty-year span. Historians have evaluated her role in very different ways. In this article, I discuss the role she played in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study with a view to the provision of medical care during the era of segregation in America to explain why Rivers insisted that she acted correctly. First, I will show that Rivers’ position within the study changed in increments during those forty years due to changes in personnel. Those changes led to her acquiring a degree of authority behind the scenes, such that she be-came an irreplaceable part of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Her changing position was internalized, resulting in attitudinal changes. Through face-to-face encounters, Rivers was aware of the commu-nity’s needs, and knew what she could provide in terms of medical care. She provided the men who trusted her with medical directions, instead of prescriptions, and thus sought to remain true to the Nightingale Pledge by making use of the advantages that came from her long-experience in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Viewed in this way, Rivers was not shrewd, as many historians have described her, but simply motivated to cast her role in this complex study in the best possible light.
期刊論文
1.Woodson, C. G.(193007)。The Negro Washerwoman, a Vanishing Figure。Journal of Negro History，15(3)，269-277。  new window
2.黃文齡(20081200)。種族隔離下的自力救濟--美國進步時期黑人、肺結核病與醫療照顧之研究。臺大歷史學報，42，173-220。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.黃文齡(2014)。二十世紀三十年代美國南方黑人與“塔斯克基研究”。中國社會科學，224，183-203。  延伸查詢new window
4.Brownlee, Fred L.(1944)。Educational program for the improvement of race relations: Philanthropic foundation。Journal of Negro Education，13(3)，329-339。  new window
5.Clark, E. G.、Danbolt, N.(1955)。The Oslo study of the natural history of untreated syphilis。Journal of Chronic Diseases，2(3)，311-344。  new window
6.Cobb, W. M.(1953)。The national health program of the N.A.A.C.P.。Journal of the National Medical Association，45(5)，333-339。  new window
7.Daniel, P.(1970)。Black power in the 1920s: The case of Tuskegee Veterans Hospital。Journal of Southern History，36(3)，368-388。  new window
8.Ellis, E.(1939)。Tuberculosis among Negroes。Crisis，46，112+125。  new window
9.Kornweibel, T. Jr.(1981)。Apathy and dissent: Black America's negative responses to World War I。South Atlantic Quarterly，80(3)，322-338。  new window
10.Rivers, E.(1926)。Health work with a movable school。Public Health Nurse，18，575-577。  new window
11.Scheiber, J. L.、Scheiber, H. N.(1969)。The Wilson administration and the wartime mobilization of black Americans, 1917-18。Labor History，10(3)，433-458。  new window
12.Sitkoff, H.(1971)。Racial militancy and interracial violence in the Second World War。Journal of American History，58(3)，661-681。  new window
13.Brown, E. B.(1989)。Womanist consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the independent order of Saint Luke。Signs，14(3)，610-633。  new window
14.Cobb, W. M.(1970)。The black physician in America。New Physician，19，912-916。  new window
15.Collier-Thomas, B.(1982)。The impact of black women in education: An historical overview。Journal of Negro Education，51(3)，173-180。  new window
16.Harley, S.(1982)。Beyond the classroom: The organizational lives of black female educators in the District of Columbia, 1890-1930。Journal of Negro Education，51(3)，254-265。  new window
17.Jones, B. W.(1982)。Mary Church Terrell and the National Association of Colored Women, 1896-1901。Journal of Negro History，67，20-33。  new window
18.McCall, J. E.(1927)。The new Negro。Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life，7，211。  new window
19.McCluskey, A. T.(1994)。Multiple consciousness in the leadership of Mary McLeod Bethune。NWSA Journal，6(1)，69-81。  new window
圖書
1.Smith, S. L.(1995)。Sick and Tired of being Sick and Tired: Black Womens Health Activism in America, 1890-1950。Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press。  new window
2.Anderson, J. D.(1998)。The education of blacks in the south, 1860-1935。Chapel Hill, NC：University of North Carolina Press。  new window
3.Cobb, W. M.(1947)。Medical care and the plight of the Negro。New York：National Association for the Advancement of Colored People。  new window
4.Gray, F. D.(1998)。The Tuskegee syphilis study: The real story and beyond。Montgomery, AL：NewSouth Books。  new window
5.Hill, R. E.(1991)。The Black women oral history project: from the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College。Westport, CT：Meckler。  new window
6.Jones, J. H.(1981)。Bad blood: The Tuskegee syphilis experiment。New York：Free Press。  new window
7.Norrell, R. J.(1985)。Reaping the whirlwind: The civil rights movement in Tuskegee。New York：Vintage Books。  new window
8.Reverby, S. M.(2009)。Examining Tuskegee: The infamous syphilis study and its legacy。Chapel Hill, NC：University of North Carolina Press。  new window
9.Washington, B. T.(1969)。My larger education: Being chapters from my experience。Miami, FL：Mnemosyne。  new window
10.Washington, B. T.(1995)。Up from slavery。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
11.Berg, B.(1978)。The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
12.Bracey, J. H. Jr.、Meier, A.、Rudwick, E.(1970)。Black nationalism in America。Indianapolis, IN：The Bobbs-Merrill。  new window
13.Daniel, S. I.(1970)。Women builders。Washington, DC：Associated Publishers。  new window
14.Eisenstein, Z.(1979)。Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism。New York：Monthly Review Press。  new window
15.Friedan, Betty(1963)。The Feminine Mystique。Dell。  new window
16.Harlan, L. R.(1972)。Booker T. Washington: The making of a black leader, 1856-1901。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
17.Hine, D. C.(1981)。When the truth is told: A history of black women's culture and community in Indiana, 1875-1950。Indianapolis：National Council of Negro Women。  new window
18.Hine, D. C.(1989)。Black women in white: Racial conflict and cooperation in the nursing profession, 1890-1950。Bloomington, IN：Indiana University Press。  new window
19.Hine, D. C.(1994)。Hine sight: Black women and the re-construction of American history。New York：Carlson Pub。  new window
20.Jones, B. W.(1990)。Quest for equality: The life and writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863-1954。New York：Carlson。  new window
21.Morton, P.(1991)。Disfigured Images: The Historical Assault on Afro-American Women。New York：Greenwood。  new window
22.O'Neil, V.(1971)。Everyone was Brave: A History of Feminism in America。Quadrangle, NY：The New York Times Book。  new window
23.Terborg-Penn, R.(1998)。African American women in the struggle for the vote, 1850-1920。Bloomington, IN：Indiana University Press。  new window
24.White, D. G.(1999)。Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994。New York, NY：W. W. Norton。  new window
其他
1.Heller, J.(19720726)。Syphilis victims in U.S. study went untreated for 40 years; syphilis victims got no therapy。  new window
2.Miles, W. D.(2003)。Wyndham Miles NIH oral history collection 1962-1973。  new window
3.Tuskegee Syphilis Study Ad Hoc Advisory Panel(2004)。Documents on the origin and development of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1921-1973。  new window
4.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare(1973)。Final report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Ad Hoc Advisory Panel，http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/reports/tuskegee/tuskegee.htm。  new window
5.(19720803)。U.S. health experiment kills 126 black men。  new window
6.U.S. Public Health Service(1990)。Records of the public health service (PHS), 1912-1968。  new window
圖書論文
1.Brandt, A. M.(2000)。Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment。Tuskegee's truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee syphilis study。Chapel Hill, NC：University of North Carolina Press。  new window
2.Hammonds, E. M.(1994)。Your silence will not protect you: Nurse Eunice Rivers and the Tuskegee syphilis study。The black women's health book: Speaking for ourselves。Seattle, WA：Seal Press。  new window
3.Higginbotham, E. B.(1997)。Clubwomen and electoral politics in the 1920s。African American women and the vote, 1837-1965。Amherst, MA：University of Massachusetts Press。  new window
4.Jackson, J. J.(1973)。Black women in a racist society。Racism and mental health: Essays。Pittsburgh, PA：University of Pittsburgh Press。  new window
5.Reverby, S. M.(1993)。Laurie, Eunice Rivers (1899-1986)。Black women in America: An historical encyclopedia。New York：Carlson。  new window
6.Reverby, S. M.(2000)。Rethinking the Tuskegee syphilis study: Nurse Rivers, silence, and the meaning of treatment。Tuskegee's truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee syphilis study。Chapel Hill, NC：University of North Carolina Press。  new window
7.Shepperson, G.(1968)。Notes on Negro American influences on the emergence of African nationalism。Black history: A reappraisal。Garden City, NY：Doubleday。  new window
8.Smith, S. L.(2000)。Neither victim nor villain: Nurse Rivers and public health work。Tuskegee's truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee syphilis study。Chapel Hill, NC：University of North Carolina Press。  new window
9.Terborg-Penn, R.(1978)。Discrimination against Afro-American women in the woman's movement。The Afro-American woman: Struggles and images。Baltimore, MD：Black Classic Press。  new window
10.Thompson, A. L.(1991)。Interview with Eunice Rivers Laurie: October 10, 1977。The black women oral history project: From the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the history of women in America, Radcliffe College。Westport, CT：Meckler。  new window
11.McKay, C.(1963)。If we must die。American Negro poetry。New York：Hill & Wang。  new window
12.Washington, B. T.(1974)。The standard printed version of The Atlanta Exposition Address. Atlanta, September 18, 1895。The Booker T. Washington papers。Urbana, IL：University of Illinois Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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