上帝存在的證明，一直是西方哲學與神學研究的基本關注點，與之相應的，「惡」的存在問題，卻構成了思想家們對上帝存在、乃至整體上帝信仰之合理性的根本挑戰，引致了人們對根本上是否有上帝？以及，縱使上帝確實存在，其根本屬性又應是如何？等兩個層次之問題的質疑。為此，專門辯護上帝之正義或良善屬性的神正論 (theodicy) 應運而生，成為西方宗教哲學中一項特殊的內容。本文重點梳理了包含奧古斯丁 (Aurelius Augustine)、普蘭丁格 (Alvin Carl Plantinga)、約翰 ‧希克 (John Hick) 等三人在內的、對於神正論的主張，分析箇中重要的論證環節，點明其中可能存在的問題；最後，也針對長久以來此種關乎上帝之屬性的論爭問題，進行了批判與反省，並嘗試提出一種解決問題的思考角度。

Proof of existence of “God” is always the basic concern for western philosophical and theological researches. Correspondingly, issue on existence of “evil” constitutes thinkers’ fundamental challenge to existence of “God” and even rationality of overall “faith in God”, and thus leads to people’s two questions of two levels-“is there a God?” and “if God indeed exists, what is his basic attribute? ”. Therefore, theodicy that specially defends justice and good attribute emerges as required and becomes a special content of western religious philosophy. This paper primarily generalizes Aurelius Augustine, Alvin Carl Plantinga and John Hick’s viewpoints of “theodicy”, analyzes their important argumentation links and points out potential problems. Finally, it criticizes and reflects on long disputation about attribute of “God” and tries to propose a thinking perspective of problem solving.