本文梳理了黑格爾和馬克思的偶然性論題,認為二者盡管都同時肯定和批判偶然性,卻存在重要差異。黑格爾過分強調必然性,從而忽略了偶然性的發展邏輯和特殊本質;馬克思繼承了黑格爾的部分思想,但在諸多方面超越了黑格爾的理論視界:馬克思將視域從認識論拓展至存在論,將理論思辨轉為現實關注,將絕對必然論轉為歷史可能論,將邏輯預設論轉為經驗實證分析,特別是通過批判"偶然的人"而將矛頭指向資本主義制度,從而走向了革命實踐。

This paper examines the concept of contingency in Hegel and Marx,who both pointed out that contingency has positive and negative aspects.Nevertheless,their views have certain substantial discrepancies.In Hegel’s philosophy,necessity plays such a tremendous role that contingency cannot have its own development and essence.As for Marx,on the one hand he expanded his field of vision from epistemology to ontology,and from theoretical speculation to social reality;as such,contingency can be understood as historical possibility instead of as coercive necessity,and can be empirically analyzed instead of being treated as a logical presupposition.On the other hand,by criticizing the concept of the contingent individual,Marx critiqued capitalist institutions and moved toward a revolutionary praxis.