馬克思對近代認識論的發展產生了深刻的革命性的影響,但馬克思本人的著作中沒有現成的認識論。為了發現和建構馬克思的認識論問題,需要依托康德和黑格爾的理論遺產。康德用"綜合"概念來說明人在認識過程中如何建立起主客關系的統一性形式,借助康德的這一"綜合"概念,我們得以建構起馬克思的新認識論問題,即"通過社會勞動實現的綜合"。黑格爾則開啟了對認識論問題的歷史分析,并提出了主客同一性概念,借助黑格爾的這些理論遺產,我們得以理解馬克思"勞動綜合"的獨特內涵,即在勞動中,認識的主體不是先驗的意識主體,而是現實的人的具體活動,由此產生的認識是人在與自然的綜合中發生的、人作為同一性主客體對自己歷史性存在的自我創造和自我認知。

Marx has a profound influence on modern epistemology,but there is no well-articulated epistemology in Marx’s works. The theoretical heritage of Kant and Hegel is beneficial for discovering and reconstructing Marx’s epistemology. Kant used the concept of"synthesis"to illustrate how people establish a unified form of subject-object relationship in the process of cognition; with this we can reconstruct Marx’s "synthesis through social labor". Hegel meanwhile paved the way for a historical analysis of the epistemological problem and proposed the concept of identity of subject and object. Given Hegel’s heritage we can understand Marx’s"labor synthesis",that is,his notion that the epistemic subject in labor is not a transcendental subject of consciousness,but rather a concrete activity of the actual human being,and knowledge is achieved in the synthesis of human being and nature,wherein the human being as an identity of subject and object creates and cognizes his own historical existence.