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題名:產業國際競爭力之發展及其影響因素分析
作者:許書銘
作者(外文):Hsu Sue-Ming
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:商學研究所
指導教授:洪明洲
林師模
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:競爭力顯示性比較利益鑽石模型雁行理論產業內貿易competitivenessRCAPorter''''s Diamondflying-geeseintra-industry trade
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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全球化的趨勢下,產業與國家層次已成為探討競爭力時重要的議題。有鑑於此,本研究由國家競爭力的觀點出發,探討產業/國家層次的因素對產業國際競爭力的影響。
在產業國際競爭力的發展方面,本研究發現,一國中各個產業競爭力的發展大致有其順序性,且同一區域內國家間產業的發展具有高度的連動性,亦即由於產業間比較利益的移轉,會出現區域間的國際水平分工,並進一步帶動產業競爭力的發展。東亞與美洲兩區域都出現明顯的雁行發展型態,每個區域內國家依其產業發展型態可區分為數個集群,各個集群內產業競爭力的變化趨勢相當類似,而不同集群間則有顯著不同;且在個別區域中,不同集群間的國際水平分工對其國際競爭力的影響都相當顯著。再者,各國間「整體工業」競爭力的差異逐年縮小,長期而言呈現向下收斂的現象,但「整體農業」競爭力的發展在1980年代中期以前各國間的差異則逐漸擴大,之後各國間的差異才開始縮小,可能未來亦會出現類似「整體工業」的趨勢,值得進一步觀察。
在產業國際競爭力的影響因素方面,過去的鑽石模型的研究多集中於國內影響因素的探討,本研究進一步延伸至產業所面對的國際環境,而整合了傳統單國的鑽石模式與全球互動下的鑽石模型後,對各國產業的國際競爭力具有更佳的解釋力。由研究結果亦可以發現,在不同的產業、區域或經濟發展階段,國內鑽石強度與全球鑽石強度和產業國際競爭力的相關程度各有不同,大致而言,技術密集度較高的產業,或以技術性密集產業為主的國家,來自全球鑽石模型的影響程度也就越大。而不同因素在不同模式中其重要性也有所不同。研究結果顯示,生產要素、國內相關支援產業、國際相關支援產業、國際市場需求等因素與產業國際競爭力都呈現正相關,而對於技術性密集產業而言,市場的開放程度與資本投入程度越高,對產業競爭力的發展也越有利。有鑑於此,現階段欲提升我國產業國際競爭力,可行的政策方向包括獎勵資本投資、強化國際水平分工(特別是東亞區域間的經濟合作)、提升產品附加價值、開放高科技產業競爭等。
In analyzing competitiveness, recent researches have, in response to globalization, gradually shifted their focus from firm level to industrial and national level. Following this trend, this thesis investigates the impact of industrial and national factors on the international competitiveness of industries, based on the perspective of nations’ competitive advantage.
In the development of international competitiveness of industries, the results show that, within a country, there exists a certain sequence of development for industries. Furthermore, for countries within the same region, the development of competitiveness for related industries are inter-linked, indicating that shifts in comparative advantages would result in international horizontal specialization and the further development of competitiveness in the same region. The following of flying-geese pattern in East Asia and America illustrates this phenomenon. Within different countries in the same region, industries can be divided into several groups. The development of competitiveness within the groups is quite similar while that across groups are significantly different. Both in East Asia and America, the international horizontal specialization among different groups has significant impact on their international competitiveness. In addition, the differences in competitiveness for ‘total manufacturing’ among countries have diminished. In other words, it shows a convergence in competitiveness for manufacturing in the long run. Contrast to manufacturing sector, the variation of total agriculture competitiveness did not converge until mid-1980s. It is, however, worthwhile to see whether agriculture sector would follow the pattern of development of manufacturing in the future.
With regard to the factors affecting international competitiveness of industries, previous studies have based mainly on Porter’s Diamond Model, which focuses on domestic factors. By incorporating international factors into Porter’s Diamond model, this thesis demonstrates that the integration of factors from both domestic and global level could provide better explanations on international competitiveness of industries among different countries. The indices generated in this study indicate that variations in the impact of strength of domestic and international diamonds on international competitiveness of industries exist among industries and regions as well as at different development stages. Generally speaking, the more technology intensive an industry is or the more labor intensive a country is, the more impact strength of international diamond has on their international competitiveness. Meanwhile, different factors play different roles in different models. According to our results, there is a positive correlation between international competitiveness of industries and factor conditions, domestic and international suppliers, and international demand. In the case of technology intensive industries, freer market and larger investment increase international competitiveness. Based on our analysis, we conclude that policies that will increase Taiwan''''s international competitiveness may include encouraging investment, consolidating international horizontal specialization especially in East Asia, adding more value to products, encouraging competitions among high technology industries, etc.
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