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題名：探究台灣民宿創業中的身體知識：風格化知識的創造歷程
作者：林韶怡
作者(外文)：Shao-Yi Lin
校院名稱：國立中山大學
系所名稱：企業管理學系研究所
指導教授：高明瑞
蔡敦浩
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2012
主題關鍵詞：梅洛-龐蒂；現象學；實作知識；創業知識；開創；phenomenology；entrepreneuring；entrepreneurial knowledge；Merleau-Ponty；practical knowledge
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過去研究將創業知識簡化為有利於創業的工具，將創業知識的功能限縮在「辨識創業機會」與「彌補經驗不足」的功利效益上，同時把創業知識的生產歷程描述為從創業經驗吸收或轉化為創業知識的「輸入-產出」歷程，忽略了創業主體在其中的作用，也忽略了創業知識應有的創造性本質。本研究在開創研究的精神上，著重創業中的歷程研究，來探究創業知識的創造性歷程為何。秉持著視創業知識為實作知識的觀點，主張創業知識是一種「讓事情完成」的知識，讓創業者在特定脈絡情境中解決他/她所面臨的難題；而這種創業知識的創造性來自日常生活的實作，必須經由創業者身體而習得。為能進一步探索創業知識的實作特質，本研究以梅洛-龐蒂的身體現象學為主要理論，來探索創造創業知識的身體實作，以及不同的創業者如何造就差異化的創業知識。
本研究以台灣民宿創業為主要研究對象，經由現象學分析民宿創業者打造民宿的知識創造過程。本研究發現身體觀下的知識創造歷程是一種不斷累積身體投入的創造性歷程，創業主體在其中不斷經由體現的累積與再創造，增進自我投入的程度。身體觀的知識創造歷程描述了創業主體自我發展為「創業者」的過程，擺脫了以往探究創業知識的實體觀，轉而關注創業主體在其中的變化。其次，本研究亦發現創業知識的創造性來自創業者的日常實作，並歸結出六種可以創造知識的身體實作方式。最後，身體觀的知識創造歷程展現的是創業者重新面對自我的歷程，經由再次體認與創造自我與世界的關聯性，將原有的生活世界再次創造，從中實踐了主體的存在。開創中的身體知識，代表的是創業者在日常生活實作中的積累與創造，從而對自我的生活世界進行再創造的歷程，而創業知識也擴大其內涵，不只是一種經濟上的知識，更是一套關於自我的認識。
Based on past studies, entrepreneurial knowledge is known for the two functions: opportunity recognition and coping with the liabilities of newness, and the utility of knowledge is simplified and addressed to be a beneficial tool to advance entrepreneurial process. This perspective brings a problem to view the production of entrepreneurial knowledge as an input-output process, in which the entrepreneur’s experience is seamlessly able to be translated into the entrepreneurial experience. Also this production process of entrepreneurial knowledge ignores the subjectivity of entreperneur and the notion of creativity of entrepreneurial knowledge. In light with the lens of entrepreneuring, this study aims to investigate the creation process of entrperneurial knowledge, arguing that entrepreneurial knowledge is knowledge to “make things done” with that an entrepreneur is capable of tackling his/her problem and moving the entrepreneurial process forward. The creativity of such entrepreneurial knowledge is crafted from the bodily practice in everyday life instead of originating from intellectual operation. The body philosophy of Freanch phenomenologist Merlau-Ponty is adopted in this research to probe the notions of perception, embodiedment, body schema, and habits in the creative process of entrepreneurial knowledge, and how these body practices enhance and create a stylized entrepreneurial knowledge.
Bed and Breakfast (B&Bs) is the primary research field, which has been growing as an eminent industry in Taiwan with NTD 16.83 billions annual value of production and 1.85 million visitng guests per year. On the foundation of phenomenological analysis of B&Bs entrepreneurs’ stories, this paper argues that the creation of entrepreneurial knowledge reveals a bodily engagement process, in which entrepreneurial knowledge is accumulated and re-invented through the movement of embodiment. An entrepreneur also increases his/her bodily engagement along with the various pratices and then starting a becoming-entrepreneur process. In the end, the creation of entrepreneurial knowledge develops the composition of subjectivity. This finding risists the entities holding by the conventional entrepreneurial studies, drawing the attention to the becoming process of entrepreneurial subject. Besides, it is also manifested that the creativity of entrepreneurial knowledge emerges in entrepreneurs’ daily practice. Six practices to broaden the possibility of entrepreneurial knowledge are confirmed under the context of Taiwan B&B’s industry. This research intends to axplicate that the creative process of entrepreneurial knowledge unfolds a self-discovery process. Through the re-construct the relationship of self and world, people will re-discover themselves and re-create their life-worlds to live up the existence of subject as well as to disclose the meaning of entrepreneuring. With the understading of bodily practice and its roots in phenomenology and life-world perspective, entrepreneurial knowledge extends its connotation from economic function and implies a new possibility of guneine knowledge of self.
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