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題名:反叛亂作戰與戰略溝通:以阿富汗戰爭為例
作者:陳中吉
作者(外文):August Chen
校院名稱:國防大學政治作戰學院
系所名稱:政治研究所
指導教授:洪陸訓 博士
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:戰略溝通反叛亂作戰超賦權個人及團體合法性可信性strategic communicationcounterinsurgencysuper-empowered individual and groupslegitimacycredibility
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2001年9月11日,蓋達組織19名武裝激進份子劫持美國四架客機攻擊美國本土,造成3千餘人喪生。當成千上萬的民眾自從電視螢光幕上觀看駭人的畫面的同時,蓋達及塔里班組織領導人也在阿富汗南部大城坎達哈的電視螢幕前歡慶任務達成。賓拉登及其黨羽的行徑,如同Thomas Freidman所描述的「超賦權個人及團體」,其基本的概念很簡單,無論正面或負面的事務,這些個人及團體能夠發揮較以前的人所無法施展的力量。
如今阿富汗是美國進行的最長一場戰爭的泥淖戰場,然而這場戰爭對美國為首的西方國家的重要性,一如英軍總參謀長David Richards所言,「一旦輸了這場戰爭,蓋達及塔里班能夠擊敗全球最強大的美國及北約聯盟,無異是鼓舞全球的伊斯蘭好戰份子群起傚尤。」
在宣傳方面,蓋達及塔里班組織不但善於利用錄影帶、網站、光碟及智慧型手機對其目標受眾大肆宣傳,贏得共鳴與同情,同時也佔地利之便,運用電台廣播、夜間恐嚇性及歌謠等傳統形式進行恫嚇與宣傳。渠等目的即是試圖團結所有穆斯林,推翻世俗化國家,創建「全球哈里發」,並且迫使異教徒及叛教者改信伊斯蘭教,生活在伊斯蘭教法之下。
故本論文從阿富汗戰爭中分析所進行的是一場反叛亂作戰,這是一場迥異於傳統的作戰方式,這是一種結合動態作戰與理念、理想結合的戰爭。因此,美國提出了「戰略溝通」的概念,試圖影響關鍵受眾的認知、態度、行為,以達到我所望的目標。但僅只有溝通並無法克盡其功,仍有賴結合軍事行動方能發揮實效。而在戰場上有效的戰略溝通,是指揮官運用諸般手段,從組織文化上理解作戰資訊環境,以可運用資源協助戰略溝通之遂行,確保軍事任之達成。
然而,美軍進行12年的阿富汗戰爭仍是未定之天。從本論文分析的文獻中發現,美國仍自恃其「種族優越感」,故未能發揮戰略溝通實效。有效的戰略溝通需要正當性與可信性,就軍隊而言,每一位官兵都是戰略溝通的執行者。尤其當遍
及於世界各地的美軍面對各國民眾時,就如同第一線的外交官,其言行說明美國的外交政策,對戰略溝通的成果影響至鉅。因此,如何消弭「言-行」之間的鴻溝、減少因反叛亂作戰任務所造成無辜百姓的傷亡事件,以及真正尊重阿富汗在地穆斯林的文化與宗教信仰,是執行戰略溝通贏得民心與民智的重要關鍵。
On September 11, 2001, 19 militants of al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and committed suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Over 3,000 people were killed during the attacks. While tens of millions of Americans and people around the world watched in horror the collapse of the twin towers from TV screens, Osama bin Laden and Mullah Omar–the leaders of al Qaeda and its ally the Taliban-watched with jubilation in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden and his affiliates as Thomas Freidman described ―super-empowered individual and groups‖. The basic idea is quite simple: the individual and groups have much more power to create difference-negative or positive-than he or they did in the near past.
Now Afghanistan is the quagmire in America’s longest war. The importance of war in Afghanistan as head of the British armed forces, General Sir David Richards, stated that a NATO ―failure (in Afghanistan) would have a catalytic effect on militant Islam around the world and in the region because the message would be that al-Qaeda and the Taliban have defeated the US and the British and NATO, the most power alliance in the world.‖ Al-Qaeda and Taliban not only utilize effectively videotapes, websites, CDs, smart phones and target their audiences with a resonance and empathy, but also use traditional methods of communications—radio, shabnamah, and taranas. The destination of these Islamic extremists seek the establishment of a global Caliphate uniting all Muslims into a single theocratic state, and force infidels apostates adoption of Islamic sharia law as the sole source of law.
I focus my dissertation on the counterinsurgency in Afghanistan that is not a war in traditional sense, but a mixture of kinetic warfare and a war of and sometimes about ideas and ideals. strategic communication perhaps is simply a way to affect perceptions,
attitudes and behavior of key audiences in support of objectives. Certainly communications means are very important in ultimately achieving those desired information effects. But how military operations are conducted is also a key component of strategic communication, since actions send very loud and clear messages. Because effective strategic communication requires an organizational culture attuned to the information environment and a recognition that strategic communication, as a way to achieve information effects, consists of many capabilities that are an integral process of the commander’s arsenal.
But American strategic communication is too ethnocentric to be effective. Effective strategic communication needs legitimacy and credibility. All soldiers, airmen, and marines are best practitioners. They know and can say what they are doing in a given operation, and must narrow ―say-do‖ gap-such to prevent collateral damage, and to respect the culture, religious of Islam. That is just the way to win hearts and minds.
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