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題名:Learning and Narratives of Identity: Aboriginal Entrepreneurs in Taiwan
書刊名:臺灣人類學刊
作者:Simon, Scott
出版日期:2004
卷期:2:1
頁次:頁93-117
主題關鍵詞:原住民學習經濟發展企業經營認同Indigenous peoplesLearningEconomic developmentEntrepreneurshipIdentity
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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     歷史的情境讓原住民社群失去原有的狩獵與生計活動,並迫使個人和家庭學習新的經濟行為模式。在這個過程中,原住民成為Lave與Wegner (1991)所謂的「實踐社群」(community of practice)的新成員。在臺灣,這通常是指進入小商品生產模式的商業活動中而成為創業者或勞工(Gates 1996)。在任何一種情況下,經濟變遷都意指學習新知識以及在新情境中新的主體位置。   相較於漢人,臺灣原住民除了有較高的失業率及較低的薪資所得之外,原住民就業者所從事的亦大多數屬於低薪之人力勞動的工作。面對現實而嚴苛的經濟遠景,許多都市原住民開始自行創業。至1999年,創業者約佔一般人口的百分之十六,而在原住民人口中,創業者則佔有百分之十二的比例。本文是筆者有關臺灣女性創業者研究計畫的一部分(Simon 2003),主要是從兩位泰雅族女性創業者的故事來探討學習與經濟行為。原住民在接觸發展以及全球化時,他們是如何學習新的經濟技能?而在他們的工作生活中,學習與認同又具有什麼樣的關連? Lave和Wenger(1991)的研究主要是專注在新進者成為實踐社群之成員時,所面對的不相稱學習情境。由於位處優勢地位的漢人對臺灣的市場及其他學習環境的宰制性掌控,致使原住民創業者仍是居於相當邊緣的位置。在漢人控制了絕大部分資源的情況下,原住民遭受到不平等待遇,這其中包括了市場通路。 在臺南的兩位泰雅婦女Dewas和Dabas,她們的生命史顯示出原住民創業者所學習的除了有新的經濟技能外,也同時學習如何以特殊的實踐慣性(idioms of practice)來凸顯其原住民的身分。為了有別於漢人資本家,在這些故事中最引人注目的認同形式,乃是原住民將自己的特性界定成非理性的。這種認同─非資本家的原住民─是透過企業經營是一種學習經驗的慣性所形成的。當不同實踐社群間的界限成為焦點時,學習的慣性更強化了族群的界限。 然而,原住民不善於經營生意的慣性已經成為一種標籤。這正是Gramsci所謂的「霸權」(hegemony)。如同霸權的其他形式一樣,那些被排拒在權力之外的人會將這種非理性認同內化(internalized)。本文個案中的創業者,會與他們的原生社群保持某種程度上的距離。不同於大部分的學習者是將學習並擁有技能視為理所當然,這些創業者在?事中反而著重在他們學習的過程。隨之而來的認同即產生了雙重區辨的作用─既區隔了「傳統的」原住民與「現代的」漢人,同時又將他們自身與原住民的社群區隔開來。由此不但更坐實了原住民在整體社會的下層地位,同時也讓許多成功的原住民被冠上「眼睛長在頭頂上」、驕傲而看不起其他的原住民同胞的名聲。 然在Gramsci的觀點中,霸權從來不是全面的,且通常只是更大的階級鬥爭的一部分。他主張底層群體一旦有力量可以動員組織,就能改變社會。在臺灣的民主改革與社會運動的興起中,已賦與原住民權力去動員組織並挑戰長久以來支配他們的體系。在這同時,全球化也讓企業經營對鄉村地區的原住民社群產生了吸引力。我們會繼續的探討,以瞭解原住民學習新的經濟技能是否能給予他們權力,而不只是讓原住民面對新的剝削形式而已。
     Over 400,000 people of Taiwan’s population of 22.4 million belong to ten officially recognized groups of Austronesian origin. After a century of colonialism and economic development, their lands have reasingly come under the control of the Forestry Bureau, national parks, and Taiwanese corporations. Since historical circumstances have deprived indigenous communities of their former hunting and subsistence activities, aboriginal individuals and families are forced to learn new forms of economic behavior. In the process, they become new members of what Lave and Wegner called a “community of practice” (Lave and Wegner 1991). In Taiwan, that generally means entering the petty commodity mode of production (Gates 1996) as entrepreneurs or workers. In either case, economic change means learning both new knowledge and a new subject position in a new situation. This paper, part of a larger study on women entrepreneurs in Taiwan, looks at the themes of learning and economic behavior in the narratives of two aboriginal women entrepreneurs in Tainan. How do aboriginal individuals learn new economic skills when they come in contact with development and globalization? How are learning and identity related in their work lives? Although exploratory, it is hoped that this study inspires new perspectives on aboriginal education and economic development.
期刊論文
1.Chiu, Fred Y. L.(2000)。Suborientalism and the subimperialist predicament: Aboriginal discourse and the poverty of state-nation imagery。Positions,8(1),101-149。  new window
2.Huang, Shiun-Wey(1996)。The Politics of Conversion: The Case of an Aboriginal Formosan Village。Anthropos,91,425-439。  new window
3.Brown, Melissa J.(2003)。Cultural Impact of Gendered Social Roles and Ethnicity: Changing Religious Practices in Taiwan。Journal of Anthropological Research,59(1),47-67。  new window
4.Allio, F.(1998)。L'autochtonie en terre taiwanaise。Recherches amerindiennes au Quebec,28(1),43-57。  new window
5.Allio, F.(1998)。The Austronesian Peoples of Taiwan: Building a Political Platform for Themselves。China Perspectives,18,52-60。  new window
6.Arrigo, L. G.(2002)。A Minority within a Minority: Cultural Survival on Taiwan's Orchild Island。Cultural Survival Quarterly,26(2),56-61。  new window
7.Arrigo, L. G.(2002)。In the Name of Progress。Cultural Survival Quarterly,26(2)。  new window
8.Ching, Leo T. S.(2000)。Savage Construction and Civility Making: The Musha Incident and Aboriginal Representations in Colonial Taiwan。Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique,8(3),795-818。  new window
9.朱柔若(2000)。From Incorporation to Exclusion: The Employment Experience of Taiwanese Urban Aborigines。The China Quarterly,164,1025-1043。  new window
10.高真建(2001)。發展部落觀光再創原鄉新契機。臺灣原住民月刊,20(7),10-11。  延伸查詢new window
11.Munsterhjelm, M.(2002)。The First Nations of Taiwan: A Special Report on Taiwan's Indigenous Peoples。Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine,26(2),52-55。  new window
12.Nettleship, M.(1976)。Chinese-Aborigine Relations on Taiwan: The Jin-ai Atayal as a Descriptive Case Study。Journal of Asian Affairs,1(2),6-12。  new window
13.Ren, H.(1998)。The Displacement and Museum Representation of Aboriginal Cultures in Taiwan。Positions,6(2),323-344。  new window
14.Simon, S.(2002)。The Underside of a Miracle: Industrialization, Land, and Taiwan's Indigenous Peoples。Cultural Survival Quarterly,26(2),64-67。  new window
15.Stainton, M.(2002)。Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Taiwan。Cultural Survival Quarterly,26(2),63-65。  new window
16.道赫史(2001)。發展觀光是原住民部落唯一的活路。臺灣原住民月刊,20(7),12-14。  延伸查詢new window
17.Wen, L.(2000)。Colonialism, Gender and Work: A Voice from the People of the Lily and the Leopard。Anthropology of Work Review,21(3),24-27。  new window
學位論文
1.Stainton, M.(1995)。Return Our Land: Counterhegemonic Presbyterian Aboriginality in Taiwan,Toronto, Canada。  new window
圖書
1.Bellwood, Peter,、James J. Fox,、Darrell Tryon,(1995)。The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives。Canberra:Research school of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University。  new window
2.Crehan, K.(2002)。Gramsci, Culture, and Anthropology。Berkeley:University of California Press。  new window
3.Brown, Melissa J.(1996)。Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan。Berkeley, CA:University of California Institute of East Asian Studies。  new window
4.柯志明(1995)。Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan: Land Tenure, Development, and Dependency, 1895-1945。Boulder, CO:Westview Press。  new window
5.Simon, Scott(2003)。Sweet and Sour: Life-Worlds of Taipei Women Entrepreneurs。Lanham, Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield Publishing。  new window
6.Shieh, G. S.(1992)。"Boss" Island: Subcontracting Networks and Micro-Entrepreneurship in Taiwan's Development。New York:Peter Lang。  new window
7.Giddens, Anthony(1991)。Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age。Cambridge:Blackwell Publishers。  new window
8.許木柱(19910000)。Culture, self, and adaptation: The psychological anthropology of two Malayo-Polynesian groups in Taiwan。臺北:Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica。new window  new window
9.Gates, Hill(1996)。China's Motor: a Thousand Years of Petty Capitalism。Ithaca, New York。  new window
10.Shepherd, John Robert(1995)。Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600-1800。臺北:南天書局。  new window
11.Brown, Melissa J.(2004)。Is Taiwan Chinese? The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities。University of California Press。  new window
12.Lave, Jean、Wenger, Etienne(1991)。Situated learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation。Cambridge University Press。  new window
13.Ching, Leo T. S.(2001)。Becoming Japanese: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation。University of California Press。  new window
14.Barth, Fredrik(1998)。Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference。Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press。  new window
15.(2000)。Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, Ethnology, and Prehistory。Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, Ethnology, and Prehistory。Berkeley。  new window
16.Cauquelin, J.(2003)。Aborigines of Taiwan: The Puyuma form Headhunting to the Modern World。Aborigines of Taiwan: The Puyuma form Headhunting to the Modern World。London, UK。  new window
17.Chen, Chiu-Kun(1996)。From Aborigines to Landed Proprietors: Taiwan Aboriginal Land Rights, 1690-1850。Remapping China: Fissures in Historical Terrain。Stanford。  new window
18.朱柔若(2001)。Taiwan at the End of the 20th Century: The Gains and Losses。Taiwan at the End of the 20th Century: The Gains and Losses。Taipei。  new window
19.謝世忠(1999)。Representing Aborigines: Modelling Taiwan's 'Mountain Culture'。Consuming Ethnicity and Nationalism: Asian Experiences。Honolulu, HI。  new window
20.Sartre, J. P.(1943)。L'etre et le neant: Essai d'ontologie phenomenolgique。L'etre et le neant: Essai d'ontologie phenomenolgique。Paris, France。  new window
21.Zazhi, S. W.(1999)。原住民生活據點。原住民生活據點。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
22.Stainton, M.(1999)。The Politics of Taiwan's Aboriginal Origins。Taiwan: A New History。Armonk, NY。  new window
23.Stainton, M.(1999)。Aboriginal Self-Government: Taiwan's Uncompleted Agenda。Taiwan: A New History。Armonk, NY。  new window
24.Zheng, C.(1995)。Les Austronesiens de Taiwan: a travers les sources chinoises。Les Austronesiens de Taiwan: a travers les sources chinoises。Paris, France。  new window
其他
1.行政院原住民族委員會(2001)。臺灣原住民就業狀況調查報告,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.黃淑玲(2002)。'Ngasal' in the Blues: Marriage, Family, Prostitution and Women of Atayal Aborigines, 1960-1998,沒有紀錄。  new window
圖書論文
1.Chiu, F. Y. L.(1989)。Taiwan's Aborigines and their Struggle Towards Radical Democracy。Ethnicity: Identity, Conflict and Crisis。Hong Kong:ARENA Press。  new window
2.謝世忠(1994)。From Shanbao to Yuanzhumin: Taiwanese Aborigines in Transition。The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the Present。Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe。  new window
 
 
 
 
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