Under the title of “Dong, Zhong Shu’s schema theory of qi transformation,” this article is to discuss how Dong, Zhong Shu, the great thinker of the Western Han Dynasty, combing the Confucian tenor of Kung-yang Commentary of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the theory of yin-yang, painstakingly constructed: a schema theory of qi transformation that, based on the yuan qi running through the world, the universe and the personal affairs, can explain all kinds of phenomena in the respects of astronomy, nature and personal affairs. This paper is divided into three main parts: first, the philosophical questions in the early Han Dynasty and Dong, Zhong Shu’s philosophy; second, Dong, Zhong Shu’s views of the universe and the major import of his schema theory of qi transformation; and third, the conclusion, namely a review and re-explanation of Dong’s schema theory.