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題名：	第三人效果的理解與疑惑
書刊名：	中華傳播學刊
作者：	彭文正
作者(外文)：	Peng, Dennis Weng-jeng
出版日期：	2007
卷期：	12
頁次：	頁3-52
主題關鍵詞：	第一人效果；第二人效果；第三人效果；第三人效果認知；First-person effect；Second-person effect；Third-person effect；Third-person perception
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(8) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:8 共同引用:39 點閱:45

從理論的角度觀之，當前用以解釋第三人效果的理論，多半僅能提供「個案式」、「條件式」或「表象式」的支持；尋求能夠系統性地解釋第三人效果認知及行動層面的理論，是未來努力的方向。在研究方法方面，次序效應是否促進了第三人效果，尚待更多實證的檢驗。而以認知差距預測限制媒介的方法，目前仍有其侷限性。此外，造成限制媒介行動的是「對自己的影響」、「對他人的影響」，還是「對他人和對自己影響的差距」，則需要詳加釐清。第三人效果更需要清楚地從「總體和個體」、「變動性與穩定性」、「累積性與不可累積性」、「長效性與短效性」，以及「質化與量化」的層面進一步檢視，才能夠使這個假說愈益豐富與成熟。

以文找文

Arguments of the third-person effect only provide partial and contingent explanations. Efforts seeking theories which can systematically explain the third-person effect across cognitional and behavioral levels are needed. Methodologically, any conclusions about whether "order effect" interferes with the third-person effect call for further examination. For example, predicting support for censorship by perceptual differences has its limitations. "Impact on self", "impact on others", or "impact differences between self and others", which could possibly result in censorship, needs to be clearly differentiated. Research on the third-person effect needs to differentiate between the following effects: micro vs. macro, alteration vs. stabilization, cumulative vs. non-cumulative, long term vs. short term, and qualitative vs. quantitative.

以文找文

期刊論文
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9.	Cohen, Jeremy、Davis, Robert G.(1991)。Third-person Effects and the Differential Impact in Negative Political Advertising。Journalism Quarterly，68(4)，680-688。
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11.	Eveland, W. P. Jr.、Nathanson, A. I.、Detenber, B. H.、McLeod, D. M.(1999)。Rethinking the Social Distance Corollary: Perceived Likelihood of Exposure and the Third-person Perception。Communication Research，26(3)，275-302。
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13.	Gunther, Albert C.、Mundy, Paul(1993)。Biased Optimism and the Third-person Effect。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，70(1)，58-67。
14.	Gunther, A. C.、Thorson, E.(1992)。Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public service announcements: Third-person effects in new domains。Communication Research，19(5)，574-596。
15.	Innes, J. M.、Zeitz, H.(1988)。The Public's View of the Impact of the Mass Media: A Test of the "Third Person" Effect。European Journal of Social Psychology，18(5)，457-463。
16.	Lo, V.、Wei, R.(2002)。Third-person effect, gender, pornography on the Internet。Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media，46(1)，13-33。
17.	Meirick, Patrick C.(2004)。Topic-relevant Reference Groups and Dimensions of Distance: Political Advertising and First- and Third-person Effects。Communication Research，31(2)，234-255。
18.	Price, V.、Tewksbury, D.、Huang, L. N.(1998)。Third-person Effects on Publication of a Holocaust-denial Advertisement。Journal of Communication，48(2)，3-26。
19.	Rojas, Hernando、Shah, Dhavan V.、Faber, Ronald J.(1996)。For the Good of Others: Censorship and the Third-person Effect。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，8(2)，163-186。
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21.	Salwen, Michael B.、Driscoll, Paul D.(1997)。Consequences of Third-person Perception in Support of Press Restrictions in the O. J. Simpson Trial。Journal of Communication，47(2)，60-78。
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31.	Gunther, Albert C.(1995)。Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography。Journal of Communication，45(1)，27-38。
32.	Henriksen, Lisa、Flora, June A.(1999)。Third-person perception and children: Perceived impact of pro- and anti-smoking ads。Communication Research，26(6)，643-665。
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34.	Festinger, Leon(1954)。A theory of social comparison processes。Human Relations，7(2)，117-140。
35.	Marks, Gary、Miller, Norman(1987)。Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review。Psychological Bulletin，102(1)，72-90。
36.	Lee, Byoungkwan、Tamborini, Ron(2005)。Third-person effect and Internet pornography: The influence of collectivism and Internet self-efficacy。Journal of Communication，55(2)，292-310。
37.	Heider, Fritz(1946)。Attitudes and Cognitive Organization。The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied，21(1)，107-112。
38.	羅文輝、牛隆光(20030400)。自尊、第三人效果與對限制媒介支持度的關聯性研究。新聞學研究，75，141-167。延伸查詢
39.	Perloff, R. M.(1993)。Third-person effect research 1983-1992: A review and synthesis。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，5(2)，167-184。
40.	Glynn, Carroll J.、McLeod, Jack M.(1984)。Public opinion du jour: An examination of the spiral of silence。Public Opinion Quarterly，48(4)，731-740。
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42.	Salmon, C. T.、Neuwirth, K.(1990)。Perceptions of opinion climates and willingness to discuss the issue of abortion。Journalism Quarterly，67(3)，567-577。
43.	Davison, W. Phillips(1996)。The Third-person Effect Revisited。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，8(2)，113-119。
44.	Glynn, C. J.、Ostman, R. E.(1988)。Public Opinion about Public Opinion。Journalism Quarterly，65，299-306。
45.	Thompson, Margaret E.、Chaffee, Steven H.、Oshagan, Hayg H.(1990)。Regulating Pornography: A Public Dilemma。Journal of Communication，40(3)，73-83。
46.	Tiedge, J. T.、Silverblatt, A.、Havice, M. J.、Rosenfeld, R.(1991)。Discrepancy between Perceived First-person and Perceived Third-person Mass Media Effects。Journalism Quarterly，68(1/ 2)，141-154。
47.	Anderson, N. H.(1967)。Averaging Model Analysis of Setsize Effect in Impression Formation。Journal of Experimental Psychology，75(2)，158-165。
48.	Duck, J. M.、Hogg, M. A.、Terry, D. J.(1999)。Social Identity and Perceptions of Media Persuasion: Are We Always Less Influenced than Others?。Journal of Applied Social Psychology，29，1879-1899。
49.	Hoffner, Cynthia、Plotkin, Richard S.、Buchanan, Martha、Anderson, Joel David、Kamigaki, Stacy K.、Hubbs, Lisa A.、Pastorek, Angela、Kowalczyk, Laura、Silberg, Kelsey(2001)。The Third-person Effect in Perceptions of the Influence of Television Violence。Journal of Communication，51(2)，283-299。
50.	彭文正(1996)。樂隊花車，投射效應及策略性投票：一九九二年美國大選個案研究。選舉研究，3(2)，33-70。延伸查詢
51.	Park, H. S.、Salmon, C. T.(2005)。A Test of the Third-person Effect in Public Relations: Application of Social Comparison Theory。Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly，82(1)，25-43。
52.	McLeod, Douglas M.、Detenber, Benjamin H.、Eveland, William P., Jr.(2001)。Behind the Third-person Effect: How People Generate Media Impact Assessments and Link Them to Support for Censorship。Journal of Communication，51(4)，678-695。
53.	Kaplan, M. F.(1981)。Amount of Information and Polarity of Attraction。Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society，18(1)，23-26。
54.	Conover, Pamela Johnson、Feldman, Stanley(1989)。Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes。American Journal of Political Science，33(4)，912-940。
55.	White, H. Allen(1997)。Considering Interacting Factors in the Third-person Effect: Argument Strength and Social Distance。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，74(3)，557-564。
56.	Yang, Kenneth C. C.(2005)。Consumers' Attitudes toward Regulation of Internet Auction Sites: A Third-person Effect Perspective。Internet Research，15(4)，359-377。
57.	Neuwirth, Kurt、Frederick, Edward(2002)。Extending the Framework of Third-, First-, and Second-Person Effects。Mass Communication and Society，5(2)，113-140。
58.	Robinson, T.、Umphery, D.(2006)。First- and Third-person Perceptions of Images of Older People in Advertising: An Inter-generational Evaluation。International Journal of Aging and Human Development，62(2)，159-173。
59.	Chapin, John(2005)。I Want My FPP: Reversing Third-person Perception for the MTV Generation。The Social Science Journal，42(3)，453-457。
60.	Atwood, L. E.(1994)。Illusion of Media Power: The Third-person Effect。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，71(2)，269-281。
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62.	Dupagne, Michel、Salwen, Michael B.、Paul, Bryant(1999)。Impact of Question Order on the Third-person Effect。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，11(4)，334-345。
63.	Willnat, Lars、He, Zhou、Takeshita, Toshio、López-Escobar, Esteban(2002)。Perceptions of Foreign Media Influence in Asia and Europe: The Third-person Effect and Media Imperialism。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，14(2)，175-192。
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67.	Wu, W.、Koo, S. H.(2001)。Perceived Effects of Sexually Explicit Internet Content: The Third-person Effect in Singapore。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，78(2)，260-274。
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71.	Meirick, Patrick C.(2005)。Self-enhancement Motivation as a Third Variable in the Relationship between First- and Third-person Effects。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，17(4)，473-483。
72.	Driscoll, Paul D.、Salwen, Michael B.(1997)。Self-perceived Knowledge of the O.J. Simpson Trial: Third-person Perception and Perceptions of Guilt。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，74(3)，541-556。
73.	Rucinski, Dianne、Salmon, Charles T.(1990)。The "Other" as the Vulnerable Voter: A Study of the Third-person Effect。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，2(4)，345-368。
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77.	Gunther, A. C.(1998)。The Persuasive Press Inference: Effects of Mass Media on Perceived Public Opinion。Communication Research，25(5)，486-504。
78.	Tewksbury, David(2002)。The Role of Comparison Group Size in the Third-person Effect。International Journal of Public Opinion Research，14(3)，247-263。
79.	McDonald, Daniel G.、Glynn, Carroll J.、Kim, Sei-Hill、Ostman, Ronald E.(2003)。The Spiral of Silence in the 1948 Presidential Election。Communication Research，28(2)，139-155。
80.	Gibbon, Peter、Durkin, Kevin(1995)。The Third Person Effect: Social Distance and Perceived Media Bias。European Journal of Social Psychology，25(5)，597-602。
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會議論文
1.	Andsager, J. L.、White, H. A.(2001)。Message Credibility and Congruence in First- and Third-person Estimations。0。
2.	Choi, Y.、Leshner, G.(2003)。Who Are the "Others"? Third-person Effects of Idealized Body Image in Magazine Advertising。0。

學位論文
1.	Cohen, R. L.(1982)。The Perception and Evaluation of Public Opinion by Decision Makers: Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States(博士論文)。Columbia University。
2.	Meirick, P. C.(2002)。Self-enhancement, Self-affirmation and Threats to Self Worth: Three Tests of a Motivational Explanation for First- and Third-person Effects，0。

圖書
1.	胡幼偉(1998)。傳播訊息的第三者效果：理論探源與實證研究。臺北市：五南。延伸查詢
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6.	Noelle-Neumann, E.(1985)。The Spiral of Silence: A Response。Political Communication Yearbook 1984。Carbondale, IL。
7.	Miller, N.、Gross, S.、Holtz, R.(1991)。Social Projection and Attitudinal Certainty。Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research。Hillsdale, NJ。
8.	Perloff, Richard M.(1996)。Perceptions and Conceptions of Political Media Impact: The Third-person Effect and Beyond。The Psychology of Political Communication。Ann Arbor, MI。
9.	Mackie, D. M.、Hamilton, D. L.、Russkind, J.、Rosselli, F.、Susskind, J.(1996)。Social Psychological Foundations of Stereotype Formation。Stereotypes and Stereotyping。London, UK/ New York, NY。

圖書論文
1.	McLeod, J. M.、Kosicki, G. M.、Pan, Z.(1991)。On understanding and misunderstanding media effects。Mass media & society。London。
2.	Noelle-Neumann, E.(1980)。Mass media and social change in developed societies。Mass communication review yearbook。Beverly Hills, CA：Sage。
3.	Perloff, R. M.(2002)。The third-person effect。Media effects: Advances in theory and research。Mahwah, NJ：Erlbaum。
4.	Chaiken, Shelly(1987)。The heuristic model of persuasion。Social influence: The Ontario symposium。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。
5.	Tajfel, Henri、Turner, John C.(1986)。The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior。Psychology of Intergroup Relations。Nelson-Hall。

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