冒險遊憩中的挑戰來源__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	冒險遊憩中的挑戰來源
書刊名：	戶外遊憩研究
作者：	曹勝雄／林濰榕
作者(外文)：	Tsaur, Sheng-hshiung／Lin, Wei-rong
出版日期：	2011
卷期：	24:1
頁次：	頁57-82
主題關鍵詞：	挑戰；來源；冒險遊憩；內容分析；質化研究；Challenge；Sources；Adventure recreation；Content analysis；Qualitative research
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(14) 博士論文(4) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:14 共同引用:0 點閱:77

冒險遊憩已逐漸成爲受歡迎的戶外活動。遊憩者從事冒險遊憩活動是希望獲得挑戰的感覺。過往研究尚未完整地辨別形成挑戰知覺的因素爲何。因此，本研究深度訪談32位分別曾從事六種不同冒險遊憩活動之受訪者，目的在探討從事冒險遊憩時的挑戰來源。訪談內容經過嚴謹的內容分析可歸納出四個主要的挑戰來源構面：個人、活動、環境及夥伴。個人構面包括能力不足、心理壓力、裝備問題及自我高度要求；活動構面包括過程不確定性及技巧與知識的要求；環境構面包括天氣問題與場所問題；夥伴構面包括人際互動問題、夥伴能力缺乏及夥伴間的競爭。本研究亦提出若干管理意涵與未來研究方向之建議。

以文找文

Adventure recreation has recently grown in popularity as an outdoor activity. Recreationists desire to experience challenge during participating in adventure recreation. Previous studies have not completely identified the factors that from challenge perception. Hence, the purpose of this study is to uncover the sources of perceived challenge in adventure recreation. In-depth interviews with thirty-two respondents who respectively engaged in six adventure recreations were conducted. Through content analysis, the authors extracted four dimensions of challenge. They are personal characteristics-related, activity-related, environment-related, and partner-related. The personal characteristics-related challenge dimension includes lack of ability, psychological stress, problems of equipment, and high self-expectation. The activity-related challenge factor involves uncertainty of process and demands of skill and knowledge. The environment-related dimension contains weather-related problems, and place-related problems. Finally, the partner-related dimension comprises interpersonal problems, partner's lack of ability, and competition between the partners. Managerial implications and future research directions are also proposed.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Bentley, T. A.、Page, S. J.、Laird, I. S.(2001)。Accidents in the New Zealand Adventure Tourism Industry。Safety Science，38，31-48。
2.	Caldwell, L. L.、Smith, E. A.、Weissinger, E.(1992)。Development of a leisure experience battery for adolescents: Parsimony, stability, and validity。Journal of Leisure Research，24(4)，361-376。
3.	Thurmond, V. A.(2001)。The point of triangulation。Journal of Nursing Scholarship，21(1)，253-258。
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6.	Schmidt, C.、Little, D. E.(2007)。Qualitative Insights into Leisure as a Spiritual Experience。Journal of Leisure Research，39(2)，222-247。
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8.	Ozer, E. M.、Bandura, A.(1990)。Mechchanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，58(3)，472-486。
9.	Martin, P.、Priest, S.(1986)。Understanding the adventure experience。Journal of Adventure Education，3(1)，18-21。
10.	Jones, C. D.、Hollenhorst, S. J.、Perna, F.、Selin, S.(2000)。Validation of the Flow Theory in an On-Site Whitewater Kayaking Setting。Journal of Leisure Research，32(2)，247-262。
11.	Robinson, David W.(1992)。A descriptive model of enduring risk recreation involvement。Journal of Leisure Research，24(1)，52-63。
12.	Weissinger, E.、Bandalos, D. L.(1995)。Development, reliability and validity of a scale to measure intrinsic motivation in leisure。Journal of Leisure Research，27(4)，379-400。
13.	Priest, S.(1992)。Factor exploration and confirmation for the dimensions of an adventure experience。Journal of Leisure Research，24(2)，127-139。
14.	Fawcett, L. M.、Garton, A. F.、Dandy, J.(2009)。Role of motivation, self-efficacy and parent support in adolescent structured leisure activity participation。Australian Journal of Psychology，61(3)，175-182。
15.	Decrop, A.(1999)。Triangulation in Qualitative Tourism Research。Tourism Management，20(1)，157-161。
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17.	Manfredo, M. J.、Driver, B. L.、Brown, P. J.(1983)。A test of concepts inherent in experience based setting management for outdoor recreation areas。Journal of Leisure Research，15(3)，263-283。
18.	Walther, Joseph B.(1996)。Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction。Communication Research，23(1)，3-43。
19.	McIntyre, Norman、Roggenbuck, Joseph W.(1998)。Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A multi-phasic analysis。Journal of Leisure Research，30(4)，401-422。
20.	Bandura, Albert(1977)。Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change。Psychological Review，84(2)，191-215。
21.	Moneta, G. B.、Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1996)。The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience。Journal of Personality，64(2)，275-310。
22.	Kassarjian, Harold H.(1977)。Content Analysis in Consumer Research。Journal of Consumer Research，4(1)，8-18。
23.	Anshel, M. H.(2001)。Qualitative validation of a model for coping with acute stress in sport。Journal of Sport Behavior，24(3)，223-246。
24.	Anshel, M. H.、Wells, B.(2000)。Sources of acute stress and coping styles in competitive sport。Anxiety, Stress, and Coping，13(1)，1-26。
25.	Baird, J. R.、Penna, C.(1996)。Challenge in learning and teaching science。Research in Science Education，26(3)，257-269。
26.	Brannan, L.、Condello, C.、Stuckum, N.、Vissers, N.、Priest, S.(1992)。Public perceptions of risk in recreational activities。Journal of Applied Recreation Research，17(2)，144-157。
27.	Brendtro, L. K.、Strother, M. A.(2007)。Back to basics through challenge and adventure。Reclaiming children and Youth，16(1)，2-6。
28.	Bunting, C. J.、Tolson, H.、Kuhn, C.、Suarez, E.、Williams, R. B.(2000)。Physiological stress response of the neuroendocrine system during outdoor adventure tasks。Journal of Leisure Research，32(2)，191-207。
29.	Drach-Zahavy, A.、Erez, M.(2002)。Challenge versus threat effects on the goal-performance relationship。Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes，88，667-682。
30.	Ewert, A.、Hollenhorst, S.(1989)。Testing the adventure model: Empirical support for model of risk recreation participation。Journal of Leisure Research，21(2)，124-139。
31.	Ewert, A.、Galloway, S.、Estes, C. A.(2001)。Adventure recreation:What's new for resource management, public policy analysts, and recreation providers。Parks & Recreation，36(2)，26-34。
32.	Jones, C. D.、Hollenhorst, S. J.、Perna, F.(2003)。An empirical comparison of the four channel flow model and adventure experience paradigm。Leisure Sciences，25(1)，17-31。
33.	Mendes, W. B.、Blascovich, J.、Major, B.、Seery, M.(2001)。Challenge and threat responses during downward and upward social comparisons。European Journal of Social Psychology，31，477-497。
34.	Millington, K.、Locke, T.、Locke. A.(2001)。Occasional studies: Adventure travel。Travel and Tourism Analyst，4，65-97。
35.	Robinson, D.、Stevens, T.(1990)。Stress in adventure recreation: Types of stressors and their influences during an extended adventure-based expedition。Journal of Applied Recreation Research，15(4)，218-238。
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37.	Smith, C. A.、Ellsworth, P. C.(1985)。Pattetns of cognitive appraisal in emotion。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，48(4)，813-838。

研究報告
1.	Dewettinck, K.、Buyens, D.(2006)。The job challenge construct revisited:conceptualization, antecedents, and consequences of experienced challenge and overchallenge in the job。Brussels, Belgium。

學位論文
1.	Sklar, S. L.(2005)。Positive youth development: The case of a wilderness challenge intervention。University of Florida，Gainesville, florida。

圖書
1.	Ellis, Michael J.(1973)。Why people play?。Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall。
2.	Cordes, K. A.、Ibrahim, H. M.(2003)。Applications in recreation and leisure for today and the future。New York, NY：McGraw Hill。
3.	Iso-Ahola, Seppo E.(1980)。The Social Psychology of Leisure and Recreation。William C. Brown Company Publishers。
4.	Priest, Simon、Gass, Michael A.(1997)。Effective leadership in adventure programming。Human Kinetics。
5.	Deci, Edward L.(1975)。Intrinsic Motivation。Plenum Press。
6.	Vroom, Victor Harold(1964)。Work and motivation。John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。
7.	Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly(1975)。Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games。Jossey-Bass。
8.	Patton, Michael Quinn(1990)。Qualitative evaluation and research method。Sage。
9.	Lazarus, Richard S.、Folkman, Susan(1984)。Stress, Appraisal, and Coping。Springer。
10.	Ford, P.、Blanchard, J.(1993)。Leadership and administration of outdoor pursuits。Pennsylvania：Venture U.S.A。
11.	Krohne, H. W.(1996)。Individual differences in coping。Handbook of coping \\ M. Zeidner ; N. S. Endler (Eds.)。New York。
12.	Mendelsohn, R.、Markowski, M.(1999)。The impact of climate change on outdoor recreation。The impact of climate change on the United States economy \\ R, Mendelsohn ; J. E. Neumann (Eds.)。Gambridge, England。

其他
1.	Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly(1992)。Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY:。

圖書論文
1.	Mannell, R. C.(1996)。Approaches in the social and behavioral sciences to the systematic study of hard-to-define human values and experiences。Nature and the human spirit: Toward an expanded land management ethic。State College, PA：Venture。
2.	Pintrich, P. R.、Schrauben, B.(1992)。Students' motivational beliefs and their cognitive engagement in classroom tasks。Students perceptions in the classroom: Causes and consequences。Hillsdales, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。

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