In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic_

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題名：	In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic
書刊名：	語言暨語言學
作者：	沙加爾
作者(外文)：	Sagart, Laurent
出版日期：	2014
卷期：	15:6
頁次：	頁859-882
主題關鍵詞：	南島語；語言演化；數詞；語言系屬；語言分支；Austronesian；Classification；Numerals；Phylogeny subgrouping
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:8 點閱:44

針對 Malcolm Ross 在《語言暨語言學》13.6 (2012) 關於沙加爾 (2004) 的以數詞為基礎的南島語系演化樹的不同意見，筆者做出了相應的回答。本文還批評了 Ross 對早期南島語數詞發展的解釋，指出它既不能解釋數詞當中的特殊語音現象，又不能解釋數詞同語線中的嵌套狀況。最後，本文證明了與 Ross 演化樹直接發生衝突的魯凱–鄒語支是實際存在的。

以文找文

This paper responds to all of Malcolm Ross’s criticisms, published in Language and Linguistics 13.6 (2012), of Sagart’s numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny (Sagart 2004). It shows that a part of these criticisms is addressed to an invented version of Sagart’s model, while another appeals to questionable principles. It points out various errors of fact and interpretation. It also criticizes Ross’s own account of the evolution of early Austronesian numerals, showing that it has little explanatory power, fails to account for phonological irregularities, and cannot explain the observed nesting pattern among numeral isoglosses. Finally, this paper shows that Tsouic, a Formosan subgroup which contradicts Ross’s phylogeny, is valid.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Blust, Robert A.(2007)。Disyllabic attractors and anti-antigemination in Austronesian sound change。Phonology，24(1)，1-36。
2.	Ringe, Don、Warnow, Tandy、Taylor, Ann(2002)。Indo-European and computational cladistics。Transactions of the Philological Society，100(1)，59-129。
3.	Sagart, Laurent(2010)。Is Puyuma a primary branch of Austronesian?。Oceanic Linguistics，49(1)，194-204。
4.	Ostapirat, Weera(2000)。Proto-Kra。Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area，23(1)，1-251。
5.	Bullock, Thomas Lowden(187405)。Formosan dialects and their connection with the Malay。Chinese Review，3，38-46。
6.	趙金勇(20001200)。東海岸長濱地區史前遺址空間分佈初探。田野考古，7(1/2)，19-44+44_1-44_4。延伸查詢
7.	Chang, Kwang(1971)。Review article of 'Changpinian: a newly discovered pre-ceramic culture from the agglomerate caves on the east coast of Taiwan (preliminary report)' by Wen-hsun Sun。Asian Perspectives，12，133-136。
8.	Gray, Russell D.、Drummond, Alexei J.、Greenhill, Simon J.(20090123)。Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement。Science，323，479-483。
9.	Sagart, Laurent(2013)。The higher phylogeny of Austronesian: a response to Winter。Oceanic Linguistics，52(1)，249-254。
10.	Sagart, Laurent(2013)。Is Puyuma a primary branch of Austronesian? A rejoinder。Oceanic Linguistics，52(2)，481-492。
11.	Schmid, Heinrich(1964)。Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der romanischen Zahlwörter。Vox Romanica，23，186-238。
12.	Templeton, Alan R.(1998)。Nested clade analyses of phylogeographic data: testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history。Molecular Ecology，7(4)，381-397。
13.	Templeton, Alan R.、Routman, Eric、Phillips, Christopher A.(1995)。Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum。Genetics，140(2)，767-782。
14.	Winter, Bodo(2010)。Squib: a note on the higher phylogeny of Austronesian。Oceanic Linguistics，49(1)，282-287。
15.	Blust, Robert A.(1999)。Notes on Pazeh phonology and morphology。Oceanic Linguistics，38(2)，321-365。
16.	Sagart, Laurent(2004)。The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai。Oceanic Linguistics，43(2)，411-444。
17.	Suenari, Michiko(1969)。A preliminary report on Puyuma language (Rikavong dialect)。Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology Academia Sinica，27，141-163。
18.	Blust, Robert A.(1977)。The Proto-Austronesian pronouns and Austronesian subgrouping: a preliminary report。Working Papers in Linguistics，9(2)，1-15。
19.	Ross, Malcolm David(20121000)。In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)。語言暨語言學，13(6)，1253-1330。
20.	李壬癸(2006)。Numerals in Formosan languages。Oceanic Linguistics，45(1)，133-152。

會議論文
1.	李壬癸(1999)。Some problems in the Basay language。Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics，Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office) 。Taipei：Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica。635-665。
2.	Sagart, Laurent(2006)。The PAN words for ‘7’, ‘8’, ‘9’ and Austronesian subgrouping。10th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (10-IACL)，(會議日期: 20060117-20060120)。Puerto Princesa, Philippines。
3.	Sagart, Laurent(2010)。Why does the Tai-Kadai word for ‘ten’ end in -t?。23èmes Journées de Linguistique d’Asie Orientale，(會議日期: 20100701-20100702)。Paris, France。
4.	Blust, Robert A.(1999)。Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics。The Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics。Taipei：Academia Sinica。31-94。

學位論文
1.	洪曉純(2008)。Migration and Cultural Interaction in Southern Coastal China, Taiwan and the Northern Philippines, 3000 BC to AD 100: The Early History of the Austronesian-speaking Populations(博士論文)。Australian National University。

圖書
1.	Adelaar, Alexander(2011)。Siraya: Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language。De Gruyter Mouton。
2.	Adelaar, K. Alexander(1992)。Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of Its Phonology and Parts of Its Morphology and Lexicon。Canberra：The Australian National University。
3.	Goossens, Jan(1969)。Strukturelle Sprachgeographie. Eine Einführung in Methodik und Ergebnisse。Heidelberg：Carl Winter。
4.	Labov, William、Ash, Sharon、Boberg, Charles(2006)。The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change。Berlin：Mouton de Gruyter。
5.	Li, Paul Jen-kuei、Toyoshima, Masayuki(2006)。Comparative Vocabulary of Formosan Languages and Dialects, by Naoyoshi Ogawa。Tokyo：Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.。
6.	Marck, Jeffrey C.(2000)。Topics in Polynesian Languages and Culture History。Canberra：The Australian National University。
7.	Tsuchida, Shigeru(1981)。Unpublished wordlists of Amis dialects collected in 1980-1981。Tokyo：University of Tokyo。
8.	Benedict, Paul K.、Matisoff, James A.(1972)。Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
9.	Li, Paul Jen-kuei(2004)。Selected Papers on Formosan Languages。Taipei：Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica。
10.	Blust, Robert A.(2009)。The Austronesian Languages。Canberra：The Australian National University。
11.	Li, Paul Jen-kuei、Tsuchida, Shigeru(2001)。Pazih Dictionary。Taipei：Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica。
12.	Wolff, John U.(2010)。Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary。Ithaca：Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications。
13.	Davidson, James W.(1903)。The Island of Formosa: Past and Present。New York：London：Book World：Macmillan。
14.	Ferrell, Raleigh(1969)。Taiwan Aboriginal Groups: Problems in Cultural and Linguistic Classification。臺北：中研院民族所。
15.	土田滋(1976)。Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology。Tokyo：Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies。
16.	Zeitoun, Elizabeth(2007)。A Grammar of Mantauran (Rukai)。臺北：中央研究院語言學研究所。延伸查詢

其他
1.	Chan, Eugene(2013)。Numeral systems of the world's languages，http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/， 2013/10/01。
2.	Thomson, John(1875)。The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, China or Ten Years’ Travel, Adventures and Residence Abroad，London：Sampson Low, Marston, Low and Searle。，http://archive.org/stream/straitsmalacca00thomrich#page/542/mode/2up， 2014/07/09。

圖書論文
1.	Ross, Malcolm D.(2009)。Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal。Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust。Canberra：Australian National University。
2.	Kingston, John(2008)。Lenition。Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology。Somerville：Cascadilla Proceedings Project。
3.	伊能嘉矩(1998)。A Formosan itinerary。伊能嘉矩蕃語調查ノ-ト。Taipei：Southern Materials Center。延伸查詢
4.	李壬癸(20040000)。Some Problems in the Basay Language。台灣南島語言論文選集。臺北：中央研究院語言學研究所。延伸查詢
5.	Ostapirat, Weera(2005)。Tai-Kadai and Austronesian: notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution。The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics。London：New York：Routledge Curzon。
6.	Sagart, Laurent(2008)。The expansion of setaria farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and archaeological model。Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics。London：New York：Routledge。
7.	Tsuchida, Shigeru(1980)。プユマ語（タマラカオ方言）語彙--附：語法概說みよびテキスト。黑潮の民族、文化、言語。Tokyo：Kadokawa Shoten。延伸查詢
8.	Tsuchida, Shigeru、Yamada, Yukihiro(1991)。Ogawa’s Siraya/Makatao/Taivoan (comparative vocabulary)。Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai。Tokyo：Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo。
9.	Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1995)。Formosan vs. non-Formosan features in some Austronesian languages in Taiwan。Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan。Taipei：Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica。
10.	Starosta, Stanley(1995)。A Grammatical Subgrouping of Formosan Languages。Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan。Taipei：Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica。

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