Objectives: Injuries, malignancies and diabetes are always among the top 10 causes of death in Taiwan. Their occurrence varies among the young, the middle-aged, and the elderly. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of death due to these 3 causes on potential lost life and economic loss for the past 30 years. Methods: The Lee-Carter Model was used to explore the change in trends and to predict the future mortality rates of the 3 causes of death. The years of potential life lost/working life lost (YPLL/WPLL) were calculated based on information about life expectancy, and the Human Capital Method was used to determine the economic losses. Finally, a time series autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to predict the economic losses. Results: The mortality indices for injuries and malignancies have decreased in recent years, while that of diabetes has fluctuated up and down. The YPLL/WPLL due to injuries decreased while the losses due to cancer and diabetes increased. The economic losses due to the 3 causes of death increased at the beginning and then went down from 1985 to 2012. Specifically, since 2001, the loss due to malignancies has been significantly higher than that caused by injuries. Conclusions: Economic loss due to injuries decreased, implying that the government's preventive policies were quite effective. Economic loss due to malignancies is the highest since 2001, meaning that effective preventive measures are still needed. Although diabetes causes a relatively small economic loss, prevention cannot be ignored since diabetes is highly correlated with metabolic syndrome in the elderly. There is still room for improvement in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.