經濟地位和計量地位：社會地位比較對主觀幸福感的影響及其年齡差異_

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題名：	經濟地位和計量地位：社會地位比較對主觀幸福感的影響及其年齡差異
書刊名：	心理學報
作者：	黃婷婷／劉莉倩／王大華／張文海
作者(外文)：	Huang, Ting-ting／Liu, Li-qian／Wang, Da-hua／Zhang, Wen-hai
出版日期：	2016
卷期：	2016(9)
頁次：	1163-1174
主題關鍵詞：	社會經濟地位；社會計量地位；主觀幸福感；社會比較；老化；Socioeconomic status；Sociometric status；Subjective well-being；Social comparison；Aging
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:14

采用麥克阿瑟梯子啟動方法對個體的社會地位比較進行啟動，主要探討社會經濟地位和社會計量地位對年輕人和老年人主觀幸福感作用的年齡差異。120名年輕人(27.26±4.80歲)和120名老年人(65.12±6.49歲)參加了正式實驗。實驗首先測量被試的主觀幸福感，3~7天后啟動社會地位比較，隨后再次測量主觀幸福感。社會地位比較分為4種啟動條件，即經濟上行比較、經濟下行比較、計量上行比較和計量下行比較，被試被隨機分配到其中一種啟動條件。結果發現:年輕人的主觀幸福感更容易受到社會經濟地位比較的影響，而老年人的主觀幸福感更容易受到社會計量地位比較的影響。由于原有的等級評定方式并未驗證啟動的有效性，補充實驗通過對麥克阿瑟梯子進行改進降低了錨定化的影響，為啟動的有效性提供了直接的證據。本研究驗證了主觀幸福感悖論，并從社會比較的角度解釋了老年人維持主觀幸福感的機制，同時改進了麥克阿瑟梯子等級評定方法使其適用于中國情境。

以文找文

Social status refers to the position of an individual in the society, generally indicated by socioeconomic status(SES) or sociometric status(SMS). Despite growing research interest in examining relationships between SMS and SWB, only a few studies so far have directly compared the two types of social status with regard to their influences on SWB. Available work in the US has generally reported that SMS not SES has a positive impact on SWB among American samples. Given the economic and cultural differences between China and US, we proposed in the present study that both SES and SMS could be closely associated with an individual’s SWB among Chinese people. Furthermore, we proposed that SES might have stronger effects on young adults’ SWB, whereas SMS have stronger effects on older adults. This age-related hypothesis was grounded in the paradox of SWB with aging and the Social Selectivity Theory(SST). The paradox of SWB assumes that despite of deterioration with aging, older people report higher SWB compared with younger people. To interpret this paradox, SST maintains that individuals’ social motivation will gradually shift from knowledge acquirement to emotion regulation with age. Overall, the main purpose of this paper was to examine the impacts of the two types of social status on individuals’ SWB in a Chinese sample, while also testing age differences in this relationship. Participants were 120 young(aged 27.26 ± 4.80 years) and 120 older adults(aged 65.12 ± 6.49 years) from Beijing, China. Participants were firstly tested for baseline SWB and some covariates including neuroticism and extraversion. After a 3~7 day interval, participants were then allocated into one of the four conditions of social comparison, namely upward SES, downward SES, upward SMS, and downward SMS based on the Mac Arthur Ladder priming technique. Participants were asked to a) think of their important social networks and single out someone who has the highest or lowest SES(or SMS) among them; b) imagine this person at the very top/bottom rung of the ladder; c) place their own SES(or SMS) on one of the ladder rungs in comparison with the target person. After completing this grading on the ladder, their SWB were measured once again. An independent sampled t-test showed that there is no difference between young and older adults on the overall scores of baseline SWB(t(237) = 1.55, p = 0.12) while older adults reported higher life satisfaction than young adults(t(237) = 3.43, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.44), which is consistent with the assumption of the paradox of SWB. A three-way ANOVA(comparison direction × status type × age) showed that comparison direction had a significant main effect(F(1,229) = 133.01, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.37), whereas there was no interaction effect between comparison direction and status type, F(1, 229) = 0.20, p = 0.66. In other words, both SES and SMS have significant impacts on SWB. Most importantly, there existed a significant interaction between comparison direction, status type and age, F(1, 229) = 6.92, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.03. Post-hoc analysis indicated that SES had a stronger effect on younger people’s SWB under the downward comparison, whereas SMS had a stronger effect on older people’s SWB under the upward comparison. However, participants’ ladder grades under different comparison directions did not show differences(F(1,231) = 0.05, p = 0.82), which failed to validate the priming effect of the Mc Arthur Ladder techniques. We attribute the failing validation to the insensitivity of the Ladder’s grading mode. In the supplementary experiment, we used a 10 cm-long-rectangle without any grading marks instead of the original graded ladder in order to eliminate the anchoring effects. The results showed a significant difference between upward and downward comparison, which proves that the modified grading mode is effective to identify the priming effects of Mc Arthur Ladder, t(57) =-2.06, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.54. In conclusion, consistent with our hypotheses, we found that SWB can be affected by SES and SMS simultaneously, which suggests a cultural specificity in terms of the effects of social status on SWB. It is noteworthy that the present study confirmed the aging paradox of SWB, and shed a new light on the age-related differences in the impacts of social status on SWB. The findings demonstrate that SES has stronger effects on young adults, whereas SMS has stronger effects on older adults, which provides a reasonable interpretation for the paradox of SWB with aging from the perspective of social comparison. In addition, we have modified the grading mode of Mac Arthur Ladder so as to make it applicable among Chinese samples.

以文找文

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