:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:樞紐設施原則及電信、科技產業的樞紐設施問題
書刊名:公平交易季刊
作者:張長樹
作者(外文):Chang, Charng-shuh
出版日期:2001
卷期:9:4
頁次:頁25-88
主題關鍵詞:樞紐設施原則電信產業科技產業競爭法
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:38
  • 點閱點閱:25
概略言之,樞紐設施原則意指:獨占者同時參與鄰接市場之競爭,而獨占者所掌握之樞紐設施係參進鄰接市場不可或缺之原素,則獨占者不得拒絕以合理價格提供該樞紐設施予鄰接市場內之競爭者;設施是否具有樞紐性,係以產業競爭之觀點,判斷其對於鄰接市場競爭狀態所造成之缺陷,是否足以造成顯著傷害,且不能預期市場可自行調整回復競爭狀態,作為決定標準。當然各國競爭法上對此一原則的具體實踐內容,有所不同,主現出不同的政策思考。 這項來自美國反托拉斯法上的法則,對於垂直整合的獨占者濫用其源自於樞紐設施的獨占力量,切斷上下游競爭者使用樞紐設施以參進市場之機會,妨害上下游市場的競爭時,課予獨占者應以平等條件與競爭者交易的義務。此一法則不同於傳統上競爭法對於違法行為科處罰款或刑罰之作法,亦非採取最激進的垂直解構之救濟方式。這樣的概念固然有其吸引人之處,但是卻潛藏著與市場機制所本的財產自由理念相衝突的危險,也因此樞紐設施原則在競爭法上出現時,總是不難發現它的反對者如影隨形。 本文第一章從競爭法與經濟管制之互動,引介樞紐設施原則在法制演進上之地位及其意義。第二章整理介紹關於樞紐設施原則在競爭法上的理論及其具體的內容主張。 工業國家相繼在競爭法中確立了樞紐設施原則,作為管制改革及私有化後,競爭法因應新市場結構及剩餘獨占力的策略。本文第三章選擇美國、歐體及澳洲這三個截然不同、各具特色的競爭法制,作為比較對象,對照出樞紐設施原則在不同法制背景及政策考量下的差異。基於外國法的經驗,本文第四章嘗試在我國的公平交易法上催生此一原則。 在各種產業的管制改革的過程中,樞紐設施原則在各國普遍地出現。但此種各別產業的競爭改革,潛藏著架空競爭法一般規範,或與一般規範相衝突的危機。因此,本文後半部將討論樞紐設施原則在這些產業改革過程中的實踐內容及其產生的問題。 本文第五章詳細討論電信產業改革中的樞紐設施問題。我國正進行電信自由化,此一產業對於我國整體經濟競爭力有重大影響,電信業具有與其他網路結構產業不同的特色,即電信產業中經由樞紐設施所產生的商品服務最具多樣性,而其他網路結構產業雖然也有樞紐設施問題,但是基本上產品是單一的,例如電能、天然氣等,電信業的市場狀況較複雜,需要更多篇幅的處理。 本文第六章將整理其他產業中的樞紐設施問題,包含目前正進行民營化的電業、石油。在廿一世紀勢必成為競爭法待解決課題的新科技產業中的樞紐設施問題,亦將在此章中予以討論。 第七章為本文的結論
In general terms, the essential facilities doctrine means that if a dominant firm competes in its adjacent market and it controls the essential facility without which its competitors in the adjacent market cannot be active, then the dominant firms is mandated to provide access to that facility at a reasonable price to its competitors in that market. A facility is essential if significant that one cannot expect the market to restore the state of competition by itself. Nevertheless, while applying to individual cases, essential facilities doctrines vary significantly among legal regimes, reflecting different policy considerations. This doctrine originates from the United States case law. It obligates the dominant firm to deal with its competitors in non-discriminatory terms when the dominant firm integrates into its upstream or downstream market and abuses its market power arising from its control of the essential facilities to exclude its competitor from entering the market. It is different from traditional enforcement of competition laws, i.e. fines or criminal punishments. It provides a remedy without using the "elephant gun" -divestiture of the dominant firm. Fascinating though it may appear, it risks to collide with the fundamental idea of the free market - the right of property etc. Not surprisingly we find strong dissenting opinions in many essential facilities cases. Chapter one of this thesis starts from the interaction between competition laws and regulations, and introduced the essential facilities doctrines with its implications for legal development. Chapter Two describes the theories and practices of the essential facilities doctrine in the contest of competition laws. Industrial countries establish this doctrine in their competition laws as a strategy to counter the new industry structure and overcome the residual monopoly power problem that arise after regulatory reform and privatization. Three different competition regimes, namely, the United States, the European Union and Australia, each with its own special characteristics, are compared in chapter three to demonstrate how essential facilities doctrines vary according to its legal environment and policy considerations. With these experiences, Chapter Fur tries to advocate this rule in the Fair Trading Act. The essential facilities doctrine appears as a measure of industry reform in many countries. This trend of specific industry regulator rule, however, bears the risk that will undermine or contradict general competition law. The rest of this thesis focuses on these industrial reforms, and discusses its uprising problems. In Chapter Five there is a detailed discussion on the essential facilities issue of the telecommunication industry reform. The telecommunication industry itself plays a major role in the economy, and its also produces more diversified products and services than other infrastructure industries do, such as electricity and natural gas etc. The essential facilities problem in telecommunication industry is thus more complicated and deserves thorough discussion. The essential facilities problems in power and petroleum industries are covered in Chapter Six. Also in this chapter one can find the discussion of essential facilities problem in new technology industries, which is bound to be a controversial issue in the next century. Chapter Seven concludes the thesis.
期刊論文
1.劉孔中(19960300)。析論獨占事業濫用市場地位之禁止。人文及社會科學集刊,8(1),227-263。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.蘇永欽(19980400)。出席柏林國際卡特爾會議及考察競爭法機關報告。公平交易季刊,6(2),177-199。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.石世豪、官智卿(19990300)。我國有線電視相關產業結構概況。月旦法學,46,20-24。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.趙揚清(19990100)。競爭政策與解除管制。公平交易季刊,7(1),137-148。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.江耀國(19981200)。美國有線電視的特許、整合及競爭管制--市場與法律政策的分析。人文及社會科學集刊,10(4),515-574。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Balto, David、Pitofsky, Robert(1998)。Antitrust and High-tech Industries: The New Challenge。Antitrust Bulletin,43,583。  new window
7.Rubinfeld, Daniel L.(1998)。Antitrust Enforcement in Dynamic Network Industries。Antitrust Bulletin,43,859。  new window
8.劉崇堅、莊懿妃(19980100)。網路互連與電信產業之發展。經社法制論叢,21,77-103。  延伸查詢new window
9.劉紹樑(19980700)。電信市場自由化之競爭政策與法律問題。公平交易季刊,6(3),101-151。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Troy, Daniel(1983)。Unclogging the Bottleneck: A New Essential Facility Doctrine。Columbia Law Review,83,441。  new window
11.葉寧(19980700)。美國電信自由化與競爭法及執法經驗考察報告。公平交易季刊,6(3),211-223。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.謝穎青、劉志祥(19990300)。NII概念下有線電視與電信事業互跨的另類思考。月旦法學,46,25-35。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.Andrews, Philip(1998)。Aftermarket Power in the Computer Services Market: The Digital Undertaking。European Competition Law Review,3,176。  new window
14.Areeda, Phillip(1989)。Essential Facilities: An Epithet in Need of Limiting Principles。Antitrust Law Journal,58,841。  new window
15.Bartosch, Andreas(1998)。EC Telecommunications Law: the New Draft Directive on the Legal Separation of Networks。European Competition Law Review,8,514。  new window
16.Bishop, Bill、Caffarra, Cristina(1998)。Dynamic Competition and Aftermarkets。European Competition Law Review,5,265。  new window
17.Borenstein, Severin、MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey、Netz, Janet(1994)。Antitrust Policy in Aftermarkets。Antitrust Law Journal,63,455。  new window
18.Cowen, Timothy(1996)。The Essential Facilities Doctrine in EC Competition Law: Towards a "Matrix Infrastructure"。Fordham Corporate Law Institute,22,521。  new window
19.Donahey, Teague(1997)。Terminal Railroad Revisited: Using the Essential Facilities Doctrine to Ensure Accessibility to Internet Software Standards。American Intellectual Property Law Association Quarterly Journal,25,277。  new window
20.Furse, Mark(1995)。The Essential facilities Doctrine in Community Law。European Competition Law Review,16(8),469-473。  new window
21.Gerber, David(1988)。Rethinking The Monopolist's Duty to Deal: A Legal and Economic Critique of The Doctrine of Essential Facilities。Virginia Law Review,74,1069。  new window
22.Glazer, Kenneth、Lipsky, Abbott Jr.(1995)。Unilateral Refusals to Deal Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act。Antitrust Law Journal,63,749。  new window
23.Greaves, Rosa(1995)。Magill est arrive...RTE and ITP v Commission of the European Communities。European Competition Law Review,4,244。  new window
24.Harz, Mercer(1997)。Dominance and Duty in the European Union: A Look Through Microsoft Windows at the Essential Facilities Doctrine。Emory International Law Review,11,189。  new window
25.Jebsen, Per、Stevens, Robert(1996)。Assumptions, Goals and Dominant Undertakings: the Regulation of Competition Under Article 86 of the European Union。Antitrust Law Journal,64,443。  new window
26.Hitchings, Paul(1998)。Access to International Telecommunications Facilities。European Competition Law Review,2,85。  new window
27.Khan, Alfred(1991)。Market Power Issues in Deregulated Industries。Antitrust Law Journal,60,857。  new window
28.Krattenmaker, Thomas(1996)。The Telecommunications Act of 1996。Federal Communications Law Journal,29(1)。  new window
29.Krattenmaker, Thomas G.、Salop, Steven C.(1986)。Anticompetitive Exclusion: Raising Rivals' Costs to Achieve Power over Price。Yale Law Journal,96,209。  new window
30.Lenley, Mark、McGowan, David(1998)。Could Java Change Everything? The Competition Propriety of a Proprietary Standard。Antitrust Bulletin,43,775。  new window
31.McGowan, David(1996)。Regulating Competition in the Information Age: Computer Software as an Essential Facility Under the Sherman Act。Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal,18,771。  new window
32.Meyerson, Michael(1996)。Ideas of the Marketplace: A Guide to the 1996 Telecommunications Act。Federal Communications Law Journal,49,251。  new window
33.Oliver, Charles(1997)。The Information Superhighway: Trolls at the Tollgate。Federal Communications Law Journal,50,53。  new window
34.Overd, Alan、Bishop, Bill(1998)。Essential Facilities: The Rising Tide。European Competition Law Review,4,183。  new window
35.Pengilley, Warren(1998)。Access to Essential facilities: a Unique Antitrust Experiment in Australia。Antitrust Bulletin,43,519。  new window
36.Reiffen, David、Kleit, Andrew N.(1990)。Terminal Railroad Revisited: Foreclosure of an Essential Facility or Simple Horizontal Monopoly?。Journal of Law and Economics,33,419。  new window
37.Ridyard, Derek(1996)。Essential Facilities and the Obligation to Supply Competitors under UK and EC Competition Law。European Competition Law Review,8,438。  new window
38.Schoenwald, Scott(1997)。Regulating Competition in the Interexchange Telecommunications Market: the Dominant/Nondominant Carrier Approach and the Evolution of Forbearance。Federal Communications Law Journal,49,367。  new window
39.Shepherd, William(1990)。Section 2 and the Problem of Market Dominance。Antitrust Bulletin,35,833。  new window
40.Shepherd, William(1997)。Dim Prospects: Effective Competition in Telecommunications, Railroads and Electricity。Antitrust Bulletin,42,151。  new window
41.Sheremata, Willow(1998)。"New" issues in Competition Policy Raised by Information Technology Industries。Antitrust Bulletin,43,547。  new window
42.Stadler, Christoph(1999)。The 1999 Changes to German Merger Control and Competition Law。European Competition Law Review,8,542。  new window
43.Thiet, Jean-Paul Tran(1998)。The Regulation of Networks and Relations Between Industry and Trade: A French Perspective。European Competition Law Review,7,473。  new window
44.毛治國(19990200)。電信、資訊與傳播的匯流--勾勒二十一世紀新「通訊」產業遠景。公營事業評論,1(2),7-18。  延伸查詢new window
45.王郁琦、夏志豪(19990300)。數位媒體法制發展與擬議中「資訊、通訊與傳播委員會」之探討。月旦法學,46,59-72。new window  延伸查詢new window
46.江耀國(19990400)。一九九八年美國有線電視新市場--從結構管制的觀點分析。月旦法學,47,133-150。new window  延伸查詢new window
47.陳櫻琴(19990100)。公平會獨立性之研究。公平交易季刊,7(1),65-102。new window  延伸查詢new window
48.劉孔中(19981100)。試論數位整合時代資訊、通訊及傳播之管理機制--為部會級「資訊通訊暨傳播委員會」催生。資訊法務透析,67-75。new window  延伸查詢new window
49.劉孔中(19960300)。休曼法對實施獨占之規範。歐美研究,26(1),61-88。new window  延伸查詢new window
50.蘇永欽(19970300)。自由化、解除管制與公平交易法。月旦法學,22,15-21。new window  延伸查詢new window
51.Fox, Eleanor(1986)。Monopolization and Dominance in the United States and the European Community: Efficiency, Opportunity, and Fairness。Notre Dame Law Review,61,981。  new window
52.Lang, John Temple(1994)。Defining Legitimate Competition: Companies' Duties to Supply Competitors and Access to Essential Facilities。Fordham International Law Journal,18(2),437。  new window
53.Shapiro, Carl(1995)。Aftermarkets and Consumer Welfare: Making Sense of Kodak。Antitrust Law Journal,63,483。  new window
54.劉崇堅、莊懿妃(19970700)。網路寬頻化與電信產業組織。經社法制論叢,20,29-58。  延伸查詢new window
會議論文
1.陳信宏(1998)。電信自由化下的市場競爭。台灣的電信開放自由化研討會。台灣經濟學會。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.施俊吉、羅昌發、劉靜怡(1999)。電子商務不公平競爭行為規範之研究。  延伸查詢new window
2.劉孔中、吳美瑢(1992)。獨占事業禁止行為之探討。  延伸查詢new window
3.劉建勳、胡祖舜、王榮菁、劉紹貞、徐宗佑(1999)。各國競爭政策與競爭法主管機關組織職掌之研究。  延伸查詢new window
4.鄭優、王國樑(1997)。交通運輸業與電信業有關解除管制及競爭法適用問題研究。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Kahn, Alfred E.(1988)。The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions。  new window
2.Hovenkamp, Herbert(1994)。Federal Antitrust Policy。  new window
3.行政院公平交易委員會(1997)。解除管制促進市場競爭專案小組期末報告。  延伸查詢new window
4.交通部電信總局(1997)。電信自由化政策白皮書。  延伸查詢new window
5.ACCC(1997)。Telecommunications Industry--ACCC Role。  new window
6.Commission of European Communities(1983)。13th Report on Competition Policy。  new window
7.European Commission(1999)。28th Report on Competition Policy 1998。  new window
8.European Commission(1997)。COM。  new window
9.European Commission(1998)。OJ/L。  new window
10.European Commission(1998)。OJ/C。  new window
11.OECD(1992)。Regulatory Reform, Privatisation and Competition Policy。  new window
12.OECD(1994)。Policy Statement: The Benefits of Telecommunications Infrastructure Competition。  new window
13.OECD(1979)。C。  new window
14.OECD(1995)。OCDE/GD。  new window
15.OECD(1997)。DAFFE/CLP。  new window
16.OECD(ICCP)(1997)。Global Information Infrastructure--Global Information Society, Policy Recommedations for Action。  new window
17.OECD(ICCP)(1997)。Global Information Infrastructure--Global Information Society, Policy Requirements。  new window
18.Areeda, P.、Hovenkamp, H.(1991)。Antitrust Law。  new window
19.Australian Government Publishing Service(1993)。National Competition Policy。  new window
20.Bishop, M.、Kay, J.、Mayer, C.(1994)。Privatization and Economic Performance。Oxford University Press。  new window
21.Bishop, M.、Kay, J.、Mayer, C.(1995)。The Regulatory Challenge。  new window
22.Clarke, Thomas(1994)。International Privatisation: strategies and practices。  new window
23.Gabel, David、Weiman, David(1998)。Opening Networks to Competition: The Regulation and Pricing of Access。  new window
24.First, H.、Fox, E.、Pitofsky, R.(1991)。Revitalizing Antitrust in its Second Century。  new window
25.Guislain, Pierre(1997)。The Privatization Challenge: A Strategic, Legal and Institutional Analysis of International Experience。  new window
26.Jorde, Thomas、Teece, David(1992)。Antitrust, Innovation, and Competitiveness。  new window
27.Petrazzini, Ben(1996)。Global Telecom Talks: A Trillion Dollar Deal。  new window
28.Vogelsang, Ingo、Mitchell, Bridger(1997)。Telecommunications Competition: the last ten miles。  new window
29.Whish, Richard、Sufrin, Brenda(1993)。Competition Law。  new window
30.ABA Section of Antitrust Law(1997)。Antitrust Law Developments。  new window
單篇論文
1.ACCC(1997)。Anti-competitive Conduct in Telecommunications Markets。  new window
其他
1.行政院(1999)。電信法部分修正草案條文暨總說明,http://www.dgt.gov.tw/rules/880312.RTF。  延伸查詢new window
2.行政院公平交易委員會(1999)。第414次委員會議資料,審議案7:中華電信股份有限公司「099隨身碼」服務被檢舉涉及不公平競爭案。  延伸查詢new window
3.行政院公平交易委員會(1999)。第413次委員會議資料,臨時審議案:我國「電業自由化政策與電業法修正草案」後續發展暨本會基本立場案。  延伸查詢new window
4.交通部電信總局(1999)。固定通信業務管理規則總說明,http://www.dgt.gov.tw/rules/880517.RTF。  延伸查詢new window
5.交通部電信總局(1999)。行動通信網路接續管理辦法修正草案總說明,http://www.dgt.gov.tw/rules/880810.doc。  延伸查詢new window
6.許淑幸,陳盈儒(1998)。澳洲改善產業結構及執行競爭政策之考察報告。  延伸查詢new window
7.Australian Government Publishing Service(1995)。Access Regime--a guide to Part III, A of the Trade Practice Act,http://www.apeccp.org.tw/doc/Australia/Decision/accregim.htm。  new window
8.FCC(19980808)。Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications Act of 1996,http://www.fcc.gov/ccb/localcompetition/fcc96325.pdf,(No. 96-98)。  new window
9.FCC(19960718)。Implementation of Telecommunications Act of 1996,http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/reh71896.html。  new window
圖書論文
1.蘇永欽(1999)。公平交易委員會的角色功能--現在與未來。跨越自治與管制。  延伸查詢new window
2.FTC(199605)。Anticipating the 21st Century: Competition Policy in the New High-Tech。Global Marketplace。  new window
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE